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BIOCHEMISTRY Q1 > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

Process of protein synthesis

A

Genes > aminoacyl-tRNA > initiation, elongation, termination > polysomes > post transcriptional processing

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2
Q

Group of 3 bases is called

A

Codon

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3
Q

Characteristics of the genetic code

A 
Triplet code 
Not overlapping and directional 
Degenerate 
Semi-universal
Read from a fixed starting point in each mRNA
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4
Q

What are stop codons in mitochondria?

A

AGA and AGG

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5
Q

What is not considered a stop codon in mitochondria?

A

UGA > codes for tryptophan

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6
Q

Functions of proteins

A 
Enzymes
Hormones
Receptors
Transporters 
Clotting factors
Immunoglobulins
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7
Q

Types of post translation modifications

A

Polymerization
Covalent modification
Glycosylation

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8
Q

Protein synthesis takes place

A

In the ribosomes (found in cytosol)

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9
Q

Three phases or steps of protein synthesis

A

Initiation, elongation, termination

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10
Q

Phase involved with binding of mRNA and initiator aminoacyl-tRNA to the small subunit, followed by the large subunit

A

Initiation

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11
Q

Phase involved in the movement of the ribosome along mRNA and synthesis of all peptide bonds - acceptor (A) and peptidyl (P) bound to tRNAs

A

Elongation

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12
Q

Occurs when a stop codon is reached

A

Termination

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13
Q

Covalent bond to the acceptor arm of specific tRNA

A

Activation step or charging

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14
Q

Covalent bond to the acceptor arm of specific tRNA catalyzed by

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA syntheses

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15
Q

In the charging of tRNA, the aminoacyl-AMP binds to 3’-OH of tRNA to produce

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP

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16
Q

In the charging of tRNA, the amino acid + ATP forms

A

Enzyme complex (aminoacyl-AMP) + pyrophosphate

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17
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA must read the codon through base pairing via

A

Anticodon loop

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18
Q

In translation, how is codon recognition achieved

A

Aminoacyl-tRNAs

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19
Q

tRNA arm important for ribosome binding

A

Ribothymidine and pseudouridine

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20
Q

tRNA arm responsible for enzyme recognition

A

Dihydrouridine (D) arm

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21
Q

tRNA site responsible for binding codon

A

Anticodon

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22
Q

each amino acid can be coded for by many triplet codons

A

degenerate (genetic code)

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23
Q

elements needed for protein synthesis

A 
mRNA
tRNAs 
amino acids
ribosomes
protein factors
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24
Q

codon-anticodon pairing has three characteristics

A

selective
complementary
direction

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25
Q

codon, mRNA, parent (read)

A

5’ to 3’

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26
Q

anticodon, tRNA (read)

A

3’ to 5’

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27
Q

conformation of the tRNA anticodon loop permits flexibility at the first base of the anticodon

A

reason wobble occurs

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28
Q

third (3rd) base of codon TO first (1st) base anticodon

A

wobble hypothesis

29
Q

initiation in prokaryotes

A

1) disassociation into 30S and 50S
2) IF3 binds to 30S (prevents 50S)
3) IF1 enhances disassociation
4) Shine-Dalgarno (mRNA) seq binds to 3’ end of 16S rRNA
5) Met binds to 30S via IF2, complex formed with GTP
6) 50S joins complex as IFs disassociates

30
Q

what signals translation to begin in eukaryotes

A

initiation codon at 5’-end (AUG or methionine)

31
Q

initiation in eukaryotes

A

1) disassociation into 40S and 60S
2) IF3 binds to 40S (prevents 60S)
3) eIF1 enhances disassociation
4) 5’ cap (mRNA) binds to 3’ end
5) Met binds to 40S via eIF2, complex formed with GTP
6) Start codon facilitated by Kozak consensus seq (surrounds AUG) (5’ ACCAUGG 3’)
7) Poly (A) forms closed loop
8) 60S joins complex as IFs disassociate

32
Q

the initiator tRNA occupies what site

A

P site

33
Q

elongation factor in prokaryotes

A

EF-Tu

34
Q

elongation factor in eukaryotes

A

eEF-1

35
Q

What is required for elongation factors to bind

A

hydrolysis of GTP

36
Q

binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to what site

A

A site (acceptor site)

37
Q

peptide bond forms between

A 
A site (amino group) and 
P site (carbonyl)
38
Q

peptide bond catalyzed by

A

peptidyl transferase

39
Q

activity of the rRNA in the large ribosomal subunit (ribozyme)

A

catalyzation of peptide bond by peptidyl transferase

40
Q

bond between A site and P site

A

peptidyl transferase

41
Q

RNA that acts as an enzyme

A

rRNA

42
Q

peptidyl transferase is in

A

rRNA

43
Q

connects amino acids in A and P sites

A

rRNA

44
Q

elongation factors necessary for translocation

A

EF-2 (eukaryotes) and EF-G (prokaryotes)

45
Q

elongation factors necessary for elongation

A

eEF-1 (eukaryotes) and EF-Tu (prokaryotes)

46
Q

elongation and translocation repeat until

A

termination codon moves into the A site

47
Q

three terminating (stop) codons of mRNA

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

48
Q

terminating codons appear at what site

A

A site

49
Q

promotes the hydrolysis of the bond between the peptide and tRNA on P site

A

releasing factor (with GTP and peptidyl transferase)

50
Q

80S dissociates into 40S and 60S and recycles

A

once released from P site

51
Q

rate of amino acid polymerization in eukaryotes

A

6 amino acids per second

52
Q

rate of amino acid polymerization in prokaryotes

A

18 amino acids per second

53
Q

what is a polyzome

A

complex of mRNA with multiple ribosomes

54
Q

many ribosomes can translate the same mRNA

A

simultaneously (80 nucleotides apart on same molecule)

55
Q

the number of ribosomes that can be translated on the same mRNA depends on

A

length of the mRNA

56
Q

mitochondrial terminating (stop) codons

A

AGA

AGG

57
Q

amino acid binds to which part of tRNA

A

3’ end

58
Q

in elongation, the creation of peptide bonds is catalyzed by

A

rRNA

59
Q

protein synthesis results in the formation of

A

individual polypeptide bonds followed by folding and posttranslational modifications

60
Q

primary protein structure

A

carboxyl group to amino group

61
Q

secondary structure results from

A

hydrogen bonding at different locations of polypeptide chain

62
Q

an example of quaternary protein structure

A

hemoglobin

63
Q

four types of posttranslational modifications

A

phosphorylation
glycosylation
ADP ribosylation
hydroxylation

64
Q

antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to A site

A

tetracycline

65
Q

antibiotic that prevents transition from translation initiation to chain elongation; causes miscoding

A

streptomycin

66
Q

antibiotic that blocks peptidyl transferase reaction on ribosome

A

chloramphenicol

67
Q

antibiotic that binds to exit channel of ribosome and inhibits elongation

A

erythromycin

68
Q

antibiotic that blocks initiation of RNA chains by binding to RNA polymerase (prevents RNA synthesis)

A

rifamycin

BIOCHEMISTRY Q1 (11 decks)

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