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ENVS2115 > Water Security and Marine Systems > Flashcards

Water Security and Marine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The _ of the water cycle is creating water security issues

A

Intensification

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of water security

A

Environmental
Economic
Domestic
Urban
Climate

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3
Q

How much of the water is found for fresh water?

A

Ground water 30.1%
Glaciers/Ice Caps 68.9%

Second largest reservoir

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4
Q

How much of the water is found for surface water and more

A

Rivers and lakes 21.4%
Ground Ice/permafrost 69.0%

1% of total freshwater water that is easy to access
Third largest reservoir

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5
Q

How much of the water is found in the ocean?

A

96.5%

The largest reservoir

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6
Q

Roughly, how much water is used for shirts and pants

A

Shirts: 2700L
Pants: 9800L

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7
Q

Agriculture accounts for % of global water consumption

A

92% for 1996-2005

Australia 7th highest

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8
Q

How many people lack access to water
and find water scarce for 1 month

A

1.1B
2.7B

Inadequate sanitation for 2.4B

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9
Q

What are the 7 reasons why water security is a problem

A

Population increase
Groundwater depletion to replenishment
Poor ecosystem functions
Poor water infrastructure
Undervalued water
Wasted water
Climate change

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10
Q

Australia is the…

A

Driest inhabited continent with 70% landmass defined as arid

<250 - 350 mm pa

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11
Q

For Australia, there is reduced rainfall in the

There is increased rainfall in the

A

Southeast and southwest corners over several decades

Northwest

Pronounced drying during cool months

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12
Q

RAINFALL

Since the 90s, SE has had…

A

15% decline in late Autumn and early Winter

25% April and May

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13
Q

Australia: what are the most severe droughts

A

Federation 1895-1903
WW2 1939-1945
Millenium 1997-2009

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14
Q

Warming (RAINFALL)

Most recent modelling projects that

A

Precipitation to increase by 3.9% (1.5C) and
5.27% (2.0C)

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15
Q

Australia: Between 1900-2015, flooding was responsible for

A

3,718 fatalities

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16
Q

For the Millenium drought, how much did cotton and rice production volume decline

A

84%
99%

17
Q

What are Blackwater Events

A

Prolonged drought followed by heavy rainfall

High levels of D.O.C released into water coloum + reduced oxygen

Dissolved Organic Carbon

18
Q

What area contains the largest reserve of fresh water outside polar regions

A

Himalaya-Hindu Kush Mountain and Tibetan Plateau

10 major river systems - 20% of worlds population in Asia that uses this reserve for water supply

19
Q

How much of ice has been lost in the Andes since 1970s

A

30-50%

Disappearance estimated to occur within next 20 years

20
Q

Define peak water

A

Supply of water is not replenished at rate it is used

21
Q

How many degree of warming since 1910 has occured for oceans

A

1

22
Q

How many degrees has SST and salinity risen per century…

A

2.28
0.34

23
Q

What years were major coral bleaching events of the GBR?

A

1998
2010
2016
2019
2020

2011 for WA

24
Q

By 2011 the oceans had taken up _ of the anthropogenic Co2

A

30

8.2 - 8.1 range

25
Q

Decrease of _ ph unit = _ fold increase in acidity

A

1
10

2100, ocean will be 4-5x more acidic

26
Q

Where is one coral atoll that is actually expanding

A

South China Sea

27
Q

Magroves cover how much of the global forest area

A

0.7-2.6

28
Q

Mangroves contribute how much emissions from deforestation

A

3-19

29
Q

Islands can grow vertically at the rate of

A

3-5mm per year

Solomon Island - 7-10mm per year since 93

30
Q

TRUE / FALSE: hard engineering solutions reduce delivery of sediment to the island atoll

A

True

31
Q

What is the definition of water security

A

Avaliability of an acceptable (consumable) quantity and quality
COUPLED with acceptable water risks

32
Q

What is someones water footprint?

A

Extent of water use in relation to consumption

Volume: freshwater

33
Q

Water in Australia is influenced by…

A

ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation)
IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole)
SAM (Southern Annular Mode)

Rainfall HIGHER & RELIABLE in coastal regions

ENVS2115 (13 decks)

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