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ENVS2115 > Extreme events and Terrestrial Ecosystems > Flashcards

Extreme events and Terrestrial Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

In 2019 Australia experienced what temperature statistics

A

41 extremely warm days (3x highest number in any years)

33 days were national daily average max >39C

Particuarly across SE Australia

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2
Q

The intensity of short duration extreme rainfall events has

A

Increased by 10%

Flash flooding

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3
Q

Projected trends for tropical cyclone are less certain but we expect

A

Fewer tropical cyclones
Greater proportion projected to be high intensity
Large variations year-to-year

Harder to quantify, challenge in estimating

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4
Q

What are two risks to decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature

A

Number of dangerous fire weather days increasing
Longer fire season

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5
Q

Warmer atmosphere can hold

A

more water vapour at 7% per degree of warming

Intense rainfall events

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6
Q

What is a small incremental increase in temperature that can produce major changes

A

0.5C

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7
Q

Observed changes in temperature include 4 categories

A

Annual coldest temperature
Land mean temperature
Annual hottest temperature
Global mean temperature

Ranked highest to lowest changes

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8
Q

Changes in the intensity of extremes relative to present day (1.5C) conditions would be

A

Double at 2C
Quandruple at 3C

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9
Q

Heavy precipiation has likely increased on the continental scale over

A

North America
Europe
Asia

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10
Q

Biggest increases are in ____ temperature

A

Minimum

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11
Q

Increase in global warming is largely in the

A

Poles

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12
Q

Increase in agricultural and ecological droughts due to

A

Increase in evapotranspiration (MC)

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13
Q

More regions will be affected by agricultural and ecological droughts with increasing

A

Global warming (HC)

SE and SW of continent

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14
Q

It is likely that the global proportion of Category 3-5 tropical cyclone

A

increased over the past 4 decades

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15
Q

What responses are set to increase for a 2C global temperature rise above baseline for Tropical Cyclones

A

Proportion of category 4-5
Associated average precipitation rates

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16
Q

Marine heat related events have

A

Doubled in frequency
Longer lasting
More intense and extreme

17
Q

Intensity of marine heatwaves is projected to

A

Increase about 10-fold under RCP8.5 by 2081-2100 relative to 1850-1900 (MC)

18
Q

Relatively low levels of global warming will see

A

Ecosystem threshold collapse

19
Q

Strongest events of ElNino/LaNIna have occured during

A

Last 50 years

20
Q

ElNino/LaNina events are likely to

A

Increase in frequency in 21st century
Increase intensity of existing hazards across globe

Twice as often under both RCP 2.6 and RCP8.5 when compared to 20th century

21
Q

Distribution shifts of species is

A

Moving polewards and upwards

22
Q

Coral bleaching is triggered by

A

1-2C increase in SST above long-term summer maximum

91% of surveyed reefs show some bleaching in GBR

23
Q

There is a % increase in acidity since pre-industrial times

A

30

24
Q

Species clocks are affected by either

A

Day length
Temperature change

25
Q

For every _ mammal species less than _ went extinct every 1000 years

A

1000
1

26
Q

Current extinction rate is up

A

1000x higher than the fossil record

27
Q

Projected future extinction rate is more than

A

10x higher than current rate

28
Q

Overall extinction risk with 95% CI

A

7.9%

2.8% low and 15% high

29
Q

What are the two species recorded of being the first global extinction due to climate change

A

Bramble Cay (AUS)
Coastal Rican Golden Toad

30
Q

What are the most obvious impacts to terrestrial ecosystems

A

SLR
Extreme heat with drought
Changed fire regimes
Disease incidence

31
Q

What are the 6 most at risk ecosystems

A

Low altitude montane
Cloud forests
Coastal fringe
Low Lying islands
Freshwater
High endimicity regions

32
Q

What is a climate refugia

A

Thermally buffered locations where species/communities gain protection from climate extremes and variabilities

Micro + macro / natural + artifical

Mountain ranges, deep dried-out river valley, gully

33
Q

Daily SST exceeds

A

99th percentile period 1982-2016

34
Q

ElNino/LaNina variability during last _ years is high compared with average variability during last _ years

A

50
1000

ENVS2115 (13 decks)

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