Carbon uptake/storage & RE Flashcards by Alyssa Brown

For the 2011-2020 year, global annual average for co2 was how much for fossil fuel and land use change?

35 GtCo2/yr
4.1 +- 2.6 GtCo2/yr (negative trend in the last 2 decades)

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How much did ocean and the biosphere take up of co2 from the atmosphere 2011-2020?

Ocean: 10 GtCO2/yr
Biosphere: 11 GtCO2/yr

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What is the net land use emissions difference?

Co2 emitted from deforestation and Co2 removals from agricultural land abandonment

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What was the total global emissions in in 2020?

38 +- 3.1 GtCo2

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What is the estimated sources and sinks budget imbalance for 2011-2020?

3 % (-1.0 GtCo2/yr)

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True/false: sinks have continued to grow with increasing emissions

True, but climate change will affect the carbon cycle processes in a way that will exacerbate the increase of co2 in the atmosphere.

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How much was the land carbon sink for 2011-2020?

11.2 +- 2.2 GtCo2/yr
10.7 +- GtCo2/yr in 2020

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The climate effect is largest where?

In tropical and semi-arid land ecosystems
2011-2020: climate change reduced the land sink by 15 % and ocean by 5 %

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What is sequestration potential?

The quantity of greenhouse gases that can be removed from the atmosphere by anthropogenic enhancement of sinks and stored in a pool

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How much did the AFOLU activities account for in terms of GHG emissions 2010-2019?

13 - 21 %
Terrestrial ecosystems absorbed 30 % of anthropogenic GHG emissions

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Why does methane emissions continue to increase?

Due to ruminant animals (increase of ethane emissions at 4.2 +- 1.3 GtCO2 yr)
Methane increase dominated by agriculture (manure application, nitrogen deposition, nitrogen fertiliser use) 1.8 +- 1.1 GTCO2 yr)

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How much can the AFOLU sector offer in terms of near-term mitigation potential?

20 - 30 % for 1.5-2C pathway towards 2050

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2020-50 : Protection and conservation has potential to reduce emissions by:
2020 - 50: Improved agricultural practices has potential to mitigate:
2020 - 50: Demand side measures has a mitigation potential of:

7.3 GtCo2 p.a
4.1 GtCo2 p.a
2.2 GtCo2 p.a

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How much can land stewardship contribute to keeping global temperature increases below 2C?

37 % of required mitigation by 2030 with a mitigation potential of 23.8 PgCo2 - yr
Using natural climate solutions.

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How much is forests, grasslands agriculture, and wetlands mitigation potential in 2030?

66 %
20 %
14 %

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How much does agriculture account for Australia’s GHG emissions?

14 %
- 56 % methane

(in the world, accounts for 20 % of GHG emissions - cut 50 % of world emissions to prevent 0.3 rise in temperature AND inexpensive)

73 % nitrous oxide emissions

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Within 30 years, soil organic carbon sequestration rates will have declined by how much?

45 - 133 %
Due to ability to retain carbon will be diminished (maximum 5 % organic carbon) + increased respiration

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How much do global forests store in living biomass? How much since 1870 of emissions is from deforestation and degradation?

300 PgC
26 %
Highest in tropics at 10-40 %

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___lands can continue to sequester carbon for centuries

What is the phenomenon when vegetation reachs maturity or carbon saturation?

Peat - waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing

The annual removal of CO2 from the atmosphere declines towards 0 while carbon stocks maintain

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CDR: What is a low / high maturity option? A low / high potential option? What is a low / high cost option?

MATURITY: L = Ocean Alkalinisation
H = Reforestation

POTENTIAL: L = Blue Carbon
H = Agroforestry

COST: L = Soil Carbon sequestration
H = Direct Air Capture

How much does methane accoutn for global GHG emissions?

What sectors account for methane emissions and by how much in %?

30 % (cutting 50% would prevent 0.3 rise in temperature)

35 % : mining
40 % : agriculture

What has the highest MODERN renewable energy generation by source?
What has the highest energy generation in the world?

Hydropower

Solar energy:
- AUS at 33.6 % 10 year average growth in generation followed by Wind at 15 %

AUS: What renewable source has the highest electricity generation?

Bioenergy (70,000 GW/hr)

AUS: What state is leading in renewable energy penetration in 2021?

TAS: 99.9 %

AUS: How much does Australia's electricity generation come from renewable sources? What is the leading source by source?

32.5 % in 2021 (39 % in 2023) Wind: 35.9 % of renewable generation

What is the cheapest form of electricity?

Solar Photovoltaic Because it generates electricity when needed most and at point of demand instead of superfluous

AUS: How much (in hours) do solar thermal plants have in energy storage?

3 - 15 hrs

AUS: How much does solar PV generate of Australia's electricity in 2020-21?

10 % - fastest growing electricity generation type 30 % of Australian households have rooftop solar PV Cheapest means of electricity > 11 Gw capacity

What region is has highest wind and hydropower energy generation ?

Middle East

What region has the best wind energy capacity?

Germany

AUS: How much does wind energy meet in energy demand?

9 % 36 % of Australia's clean energy > 16 GW capacity Cheapest source of large-scale renewable energy

AUS: How much does hydropower energy meeting in energy demand?

6 % of Australia's electricity generation Dominant in TAS and SA (120 power stations) 23 % of Australia's clean energy

Why is geothermal not viable for Australia?

Geothermal areas are close to edges of continental plates. For NZ, as it sits on the Indo-Australian and pacific plates, has resulted in 20 % of energy supply

When constrained by food security and environmental considerations, what is the recent estimates of mitigation potential that bioenergy has?

5 - 50 and 50 - 250 EJ/ yr by 2050

What is green hydrogen? What is its value in Australia?

Uses an electrolyser to run electrical current through water to produce H2 and O. Used to provide dispatchable power generations, as storage or as a distributed energy source $163.2b

What does nuclear energy provide?

Emits very little Co2 per unit of energy production but expensive to build large nuclear power stations. Issues of nuclear proliferation and waste management do persist.

How do battery storage technologies work?

Use of chemicals such as lithium-ion to absorb and release energy on demand Coupled with renewable energy generation and you can store energy Small scale: can be used residentially with PV systems Large scale: act as generator connected to electricity transmission grid

What does behind the meter mean? In Australia, DER may contribute up to 45 of Australia's electricity generation capacity by 2050.

Is a distributed energy resource. A behind the meter battery sits on a customer's property and is not integrated into the electricity network. Moves away from centralised power stations

In 2021, how much did costs fall by amid fossil fuel crisis?

15 % onshore wind 13 % solar photovoltaics and offshore wind 9.1 % increase in renewable capacity in the World

In 2021, _/_ renewable power installed had lower costs than the cheapest fossil fuel fired option.

2 / 3

2020 - 2021 was a shift in the balance of competitiveness between renewable and fossil fuels with how much of a decrease in cost of electricity?

88 % for PV 68 % for Onshore wind and Thermal Power 60 % for Offshore wind