Cities and Settlements & Health

Question 1

How many global population % live in urban areas?

Answer 1

> 50 %
Informal settlements + small urban centres in Asia & Africa

More less developed regions improving urban population

Question 2

Projected % increase of global population in urban areas by 2050

Answer 2

70 %
An extra 2.5B

Question 3

What are the top share of people living in urban areas?

Answer 3

Asia 89 %
World 85 %
Latin America and Caribbean 81.7 %

Question 4

The increase in extreme heat exposure in cities around the world from _ - _ is highest where?

Answer 4

1983 to 2016
South Asia

Question 5

How many of the human population could be exposed to periods of life threatening climatic conditions arising from coupled impacts of extreme heat and humidity by _ ?

Answer 5

50 - 75 %
2100

Question 6

The urban heat island effect:

Answer 6

Amplified during heatwaves
Varies spatially
Varies with time of day

Affect 1/2 of future urban population in tropical Global South and coastal cities and settlements.

Question 7

By 2090, Western Sydney will experience

Answer 7

46 days per year over 35 C

Question 8

Flooding could increase/decrease by up to how much for every 1% increase in impervious surface areas in Europe?

Answer 8

Increase by 10 %

Question 9

What 8 towns in Australia are projected to have at least 100 fold increase in coastal flooding and by what cause?

Answer 9

Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart, Cairns, Fremantle, Adelaide, Darwin
0.5 m rise in sea level

Question 10

Explain the Black Summer bushfires and what happened.

Answer 10

Destroyed >2700 homes
Took 34 lives
Incurred $4.5B in business, tourism, and agriculture
An insurance bill of 1.9$B
$2B burden on healthcare (400 deaths attributed to smoke)

Question 11

What are likely occurrences in terms of urban water security?

Answer 11

1/3 of major cities exhaust water resources by 2050

350 million more people exposed to water scarcity: 1.5C
410.7 million more people exposed to water scarcity: 2C

Question 12

How much does vegetation lower land surface temperatures?

What is the adviced amount of area recommanded for residental gardens?

Answer 12

6 C on extreme hot day

20 % land area
40 % tree cover

Question 13

What is the interaction phenomenon that affects health?

Answer 13

Hazard + vulnerability + exposure = risk

Question 14

What are the 3 primary exposure pathways?

Answer 14

Environmental conditions
Social infrastructure
Public health capability and adaptation

Question 15

What are direct impacts to health?

Answer 15

Heat, Floods & Storms

Question 16

What infant population is most vulnerable to heatwaves?

1986-2005 baseline

Answer 16

India
China
Indonesia
Egypt
Nigeria

Question 17

What elderly population is most vulnerable to heatwaves?

1986-2005 baseline

Answer 17

China
India
Japan
USA
Indonesia

Question 18

What are indirect impacts to health?

Answer 18

Vector-borne and infectious diseases
Water and food-borne infections
Air quality (ozone, aeroallergens, particulates)

Question 19

What area in the world is most susceptible to Malaria?

Answer 19

Africa and South East Asia with around 220 million cases per year

Question 20

What affects mosquito biting rate and what affects mosqutio population?

Answer 20

Temperature
Precipitation and Temperature

Question 20

What has increased in distribution in China?

Answer 20

The geographical range of ‘schistosomiasis’, affected by water temperature

Question 21

What are four human institutions that can mediate health impacts?

Answer 21

Violence and Conflict
Mental Health
Occupational Health
Nutrition

Question 22

At what rise in C approximately, would halve work output?

Answer 22

2 C

Question 23

How much in % of the Australian population live urban?

Answer 23

80 %

Question 24

How is extreme heat defined?

Answer 24

At least one day with a wet-bulb globe temperature greater than 30 C (wind, humidity, temperature, and radiation)