Water & protein Flashcards by vlad zuban

3 water sources?

Drink, feed, metabolic

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4 water losses?

Urine (most), faeces, sweat, insensible (breathing/panting)

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What are the factors affecting water requirements?

Heat production/ambient temp, feed intake, salt, accessibility (sources), water quality, species, physiological state, environmental adaptation

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What are the steps in assessing water quality?

Organoleptic properties (odour & taste); 2. physiochemical properties (pH, salinity, TDS/TSS, TDO, hardness); 3. Toxins (pesticides, heavy metals, toxic minerals); 4. ++minerals, nitrates (urea), sulfates; 5. Bacteria

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What effects would be seen with TSS <1000?

No risk to stock

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What effects would be seen with TSS 1000-3000?

Mild diarrhoea possible

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What effects would be seen with TSS 3000-5000?

Temporary refusal possible

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What effects would be seen with TSS 5000-10,000?

Not suitable for breeding animals, young stock or poultry

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What effects would be seen with TSS 10,000-15,000?

Only ok for mature dry sheep & cattle (if accustomed)

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Proteins are…

the major constituents of all living tissue

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Protein functions include…?

Immunity (IgGs)
Structural (hair, hoof, wool, horn etc)
Metabolism (enzymes, hormones)
Energy

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What are the physical properties of proteins determined by?

Amino acids present
Sequence of AAs
Linkages
Non-AA groups

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10 essential AAs?

Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Arginine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Valine

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2 protein classes…

Simple - only AAs (fibrous & globular)

Conjugated (contain non-protein groups)

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Simple protein properties?

Fibrous - resistant to digestive enzymes. Structural role ie. keratins, collagens
Globular - compact folded polypeptide chains ie. albumins (milk, blood, eggs), histones, protamines, globulins

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Conjugated protein properties?

Chromoproteins (pigmented eg haemoglobin)
Glycoprotein (heteroglycans)
Lipoproteins (lipids)
Phosphoproteins (phosphoric acid eg casein)

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The other nitrogenous compounds…?

Nucleic acids, amines, amides, nitrates, alkaloids

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Monogastric protein digestion occurs mainly where?

SI by animals own enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, peptidases)

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A bit more on monogastric protein digestion…

Large number of enzymes involved (infinite combo’s of 20 AAs)
Secreted from stomach glands & pancreas as zymogens (inactive)
Activate in gut lumen

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Endopeptidases…

Break proteins at internal points along AA chains (produce NO free AAs)

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Exopeptidases…

Produce free AAs from peptide chain end

Zymogen trypsinogen -> trypsin utilises which enzyme?

Enteropeptidase & trypsin

Activates chymotrypsinogen

trypsin

Activates proelastase

trypsin

Activates procarboxypeptidase A

trypsin

Activates procarboxypeptidase B

trypsin

Step 1 in monogastric protein digestion & absorption:

Dietary & endogenous protein ingested -> hydrolysed by pepsin & pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

Step 2 in monogastric protein digestion & absorption:

AAs across apical membrane via Na+/K+ pump

Step 3 in monogastric protein digestion & absorption:

Small peptides absorbed by different carrier -> AAs by aminopeptidases or intracellular peptidases

What is a limiting AA?

AA that is not present in sufficient amounts -> protein synthesis eg lysine

Protein quality refers to..?

AA composition of protein and their availability & biological value (% nitrogen absorbed available for body functions)

Ruminant protein digestion involves..?

Rumen modifies digestion via microbes that secrete enzymes -> protein catabolism. Most P's cat. to ammonia or short pep's/AAs & used as N source for microbes

What is MCP?

Microbial crude protein - fairly constant AA composition

What is UDP?

Undegradable dietary protein

Define degradability

Ability of microbe to break protein down

Define digestibility

Ability of animal to digest protein

Step 1 of rumen nitrogen digestion...

Protein -> peptides via protease enzymes on microbe surface

Step 2 of rumen nitrogen digestion...

Peptides ->AAs ->microbial protein synthesis

Step 3 of rumen nitrogen digestion...

Another source of AAs from NH3 & VFAs

Step 4 of rumen nitrogen digestion...

Some microbes can not use peptides for AA synthesis so use extracellular NH3 for AA synthesis

Step 5 of rumen nitrogen digestion...

AAs not used for protein synthesis -> NH3 & VFAs

Microbial protein reaches abomasum & SI when?

When microbes are washed out of rumen

When is optimal digestive efficiency?

When growth rate of microbial mass is maximal. Depends on nutrient supply.

How do most microbes protein -> urea?

Urea cycling (nitrogenous waste products - liver) by endogenous AA deamination & N absorbed as NH3 from rumen

Urea in monogastric kidneys...

excreted

Urea in ruminant kidneys...

excreted into rumen via blood or saliva

T or F ruminants require essential AAs in diet

False - they can synthesise AAs from non-protein sources (urea & NH3/ammonia)

Urea = ?% nitrogen

45%

T or F - Urea in diet >1% -> toxicity

True -> rapid ++NH3 in blood -> toxic

How to avoid urea toxicity?

Introduce slowly, feed at low levels, mix carefully, add carbs & sulphur (cysteine & methionine)