Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC273 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

How can mineral deficiencies occur?

A

Low mins. in diet
Low absorption
Thru mineral interactions (formation of unabsorbable compounds; comp. for metabolic pathway)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Storage & function of minerals?

A

Held in different compartments (central reserve plus one or more reserves)
Many have multiple functions
Most have catalytic function
Some have physiological function (Na, Ca, Cl, K)
Some have regulatory function (Zn)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A bit about Calcium

A

Most abundant min in body (in bone)

Essential for: bone/tooth dev.; enzyme systems for normal muscle & nerve function; blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood calcium homeostatic range?

A

80-120 mg/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Good sources of calcium?

A

milk
green, leafy crops
animal products containing bone
limestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Factors that affect calcium:phosphorus ratio?

A

High P binds Ca -> - Ca absorption

Low vitamin D -> - Ca utilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Recommended Ca:P ratio?

A

1:1 or 2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Feed with best Ca:P ratio?

A

Oaten hay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Feed with highest Ca content?

A

Lucerne hay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A bit about vitamin D

A 
2 forms - D2 & D3
Found in cut forages
Produced by skin under UV light 
Stored in liver
Works with PTH -> maintain plasma [Ca]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Good sources of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight & sun-cured forages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consequences of Ca deficiency/ P excess…?

A

Rickets - young animals
Milk fever
Developmental orthopaedic disease (DOD) young horses
Osteomalacia & osteoporosis - older animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of -Ca and ++P?

A

Hyperparathyroidism -> bone demineralisation (as bone minerals mobilised -> +fibrous connective tissue -> bone enlargement (eg big head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Symptoms & clinical signs of hypocalcaemia?

A

Clinical hypocalcaemia -> Milk fever/parturient paresis/paralysis
Inappetence
Lat recumbency
Coma & death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What constitutes hypocalcaemia (mm/L)?

A

Ca < 1.4mm/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F - Ca is the most common mineral-related problem of the transition cow

A

True

17
Q

Mineral availability in digesta occurs as…?

A

Easily absorbed - metallic ions in solution (Na/K)
Some absorbed - constituents of metallo-organic substances
Not absorbed - parts of insoluble substance

18
Q

T or F - Minerals can not be converted between different forms

A

False - they can, depending on pH

19
Q

Availability of minerals from other sources?

A

P as phytic acid
In milk > solid food
Chelated minerals

20
Q

Incidence of hypocalcaemia?

A

Aus: 1.6 - 5.4% (>20% some herds)

US/UK: 6% (US - up to 70% clinical/subclinical hypocalcaemia)

21
Q

Ca increase in Ca homeostasis…?

A

Dietary vit D2 & D3 & Ca -> +calcitriol (kidney) -> + Ca pool (3g plasma & 10g extracellular)
Parathyroid gland secretes PTH -> +calcitriol (kidney) & + bone breakdown -> +Ca

22
Q

Ca decrease in Ca homeostasis…?

A

Thyroid gland -> calcitonin -> bone mineralisation -> -Ca pools
Kidney calcitonin -> +Ca excretion in urine
Milk/foetal losses
Faecal losses

23
Q

Factors that cause hypocalcaemia after lactogenesis?

A

Inability to absorb Ca from gut & mobilise Ca from bone during lactogenesis
Ca requirement doubles during lactation (23g) in 10kg of colostrum

24
Q

How long does it take for Ca mobilisation to occur to increase absorption?

A

3-4 days (most hypocalcaemia occurs soon after calving)

25
Q

Nutritional causes of hypocalcaemia?

A 
- Ca (diet & maternal reserves)
K
Mg
P
Na
26
Q

Low Ca intake pre calving stimulates what?

A

Calcitriol

27
Q

K properties &

A

pastures may contain 4-5% [K]

28
Q

Effects of excess K…?

A

Excess -> metabolic alkalosis -> decreased sensitivity of bone & renal tissue to PTH
-> prevents upregulation of 1,alpha-hydroxylase

29
Q

Hypomagnesaemia effects on Ca homeostasis?

A

Decreased mobility of Ca

PTH & calcitriol activity retarded

30
Q

Phosphorus causes what?

A

hypocalcaemia -> PTH action on renal tissue

Keep <35g/day pre calving

31
Q

Na properties and potential effects…?

A

Stronger cation than K

May cause metabolic alkalosis

32
Q

Dietary options for reducing milk fever?

A

Ca & vit D
Manipulating DCAD (feeding anionic salts)
Replenishing Ca reserves

33
Q

DCAD stands for…?

A

Dietary cation-anion difference

34
Q

Why is DCAD important? How?

A

Lowering DCAD -> lowers pH -> improves Ca homeostasis

Also -> reduces risk of metabolic acidosis

35
Q

Common anionic salts

A

CaCl2; CaSO4; MgCl2

36
Q

DCAD should be at what value to prevent MF?

A

-10 ideally

37
Q

T or F - DCAD can not be manipulated without anionic salts

A

False

ASC273 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions