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APEGS > Water PDF chapters 3 and 9 (hydrosphere) > Flashcards

Water PDF chapters 3 and 9 (hydrosphere) Flashcards

1
Q

water resources planning act

A

provided for plans to formulate and evaluate water and related land resource projects and to maintain a continuing assessment of the adequacy of water supplies in the united states

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2
Q

coastal zone management act

A

provided funds for state planning and management of coastal areas

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3
Q

water resources development act

A

established and maintains dam safety programs

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4
Q

national estuary program

A

designed to identify nationally significant estuaries and to restore and protect them

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5
Q

ramsar convention

A

international treaty designed to address global concerns regarding wetland loss and degradation (aka convention on wetlands of international importance)

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6
Q

san joaquin valley

A

groundwater related subsidence related to groundwater extraction
entire valley sinking 30 ft

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7
Q

mexico city

A

almost entirely dependent on exploiting groundwater for its needs
water table dropping 6ft per year
tragedy of commons

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8
Q

aswan high dam egypt

A

built to supply irrigation water

evaporation and seepage losses in unlined canals

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9
Q

bangladesh

A

wells dug to supply freshwater to pop
arsenic from soil began to leech into groundwater
arsenic poisoning

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10
Q

colorado river basin

A

dams trap large quantities of silt
reduce nutrient levels in farmlands below dam
salt buildup in soil (salinization)

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11
Q

james bay canada

A

diversion of rivers into hudson bay to generate electrical power has resulted in massive flooding
mercury leeched out of rocks and into water
mercury poisoning

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12
Q

ogallala aquifer

A

used to hold more freshwater than all freshwater lakes rivers streams on earth
now water shortages due to pumping

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13
Q

three gorges dam, china

A

required relocation of 1.2 mil ppl

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14
Q

use of freshwater is growing ____ as pop

A

twice

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15
Q

where are most lakes

A

n hemisphere

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16
Q

all lakes are

A

temporary

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17
Q

changes in lake levels are controlled by

A

differences between input and output compared to total volume

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18
Q

littoral zone

A

sloped area of a lake close to land

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19
Q

photic (open water) zone

A

sunlight is abundant

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20
Q

deep water benthic zone

A

3rd zone of lakes

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21
Q

depth to which sunlight can reach depends on

A

turbidity

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22
Q

what can be used to determine turbidity

A

secchi disk

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23
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

generally clear due to low nutrient levels and have little plant life

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24
Q

mesotrophic lakes

A

good clarity and some nutrients

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25
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

enriches w nutrients, resulting in large amounts of plant growth and algal blooms

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26
Q

hypertrophic lakes

A

excessively enriched w nutrients, poor water clarity, subject to devastating algal blooms

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27
Q

lakes in daytime

A

can cool land beside it w local winds (SEA BREEZE)

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28
Q

lakes at night

A

can warm land beside it w local winds (LAND BREEZE)

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29
Q

stratification

A

layering of water

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30
Q

stratification is due to

A

density changes caused by changes in temp

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31
Q

density increases as temp

A

decreases

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32
Q

hypolimnion

A

cooler lower layer of lakes

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33
Q

epilimnion

A

warmer, surface layer of lakes

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34
Q

seasonal turnover

A

exchange of surface and bottom water in a lake or pond that happens twice a year

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35
Q

defined stratification happens in

A

summer

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36
Q

thermocline

A

rapid transition of temp in lake

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37
Q

fall turnover

A

water cools and becomes heavier, winds move surface water around and mix w deep water, lakes become more uniform

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38
Q

spring turnover

A

surface ice melts, temps become more uniform

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39
Q

wetlands are characterized by

A

water table that stands at or near land surface long enough to support aquatic plants

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40
Q

aquifers

A

geologic formation that contains water in quantities suffient to support a well or spring

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41
Q

perched

A

groundwater accumulating above an area of low permeability

42
Q

oceanic crust composed of

A

dense, thin layer of solitified volcanic basalt

43
Q

oceanic trench

A

2 plates move toward each other, one subducts

44
Q

aphotic zone

A

less than 1% light penetrates

45
Q

benthic zone

A

ecological region at lowest level of a body of water

46
Q

disphotic zone

A

dimly lit, not enough to carry out photosynthesis

47
Q

neritic zone

A

low tide mark–> edge of continental shelf, shallow depth, good water for photosynthesis, high biodiversity

48
Q

oceanic zone

A

region of open sea beyond edge of continental shelf, includes 65% of ocean water

49
Q

pelagic zone

A

Includes all open ocean regions

50
Q

photic zone

A

depth of water that has enough light for photosynthesis

51
Q

temp diffs between summer and winter are more extreme in

A

n hemisphere (land warms and cools more quickly than water)

52
Q

convection

A

warm waters near surface and cold waters near bottom move

53
Q

surface ocean currents are driven by wind patterns that result from

A

Flow of high thermal energy at tropics (higher pressure) to low energy sources in polar areas (low pressure)

54
Q

deep water currents are controlled by

A

diff in temp and salinity

55
Q

90% ocean water circulates due to

A

deep water currents

56
Q

what transports warm water from carribbean northward

A

gulf stream

57
Q

n atlantic drift

A

responsible for bringing warmer temps to europe

58
Q

as dense water sinks, it creates a

A

southern circulation pattern

59
Q

great ocean conveyor belt is driven by

A

thermohaline currents (density driven)

60
Q

takes water how many yrs to move through conveyor belt

A

1600

61
Q

upwellings

A

occur when prevailing winds produced through coriolis effect moving clockwise in n hemi push warmer, nutrient poor surface waters away from coastline and replaced by cooler nutrient rich deep water

62
Q

base of oceanic food chain

A

phytoplankton

63
Q

ekman transport spiral

A

wind drags each consecutive layer down

64
Q

how much freshwater is used for agriculture

A

70%

65
Q

what irrigation is best

A

drip irrigation

66
Q

greatest domestic use of freshwater

A

flushing toilet

67
Q

recharge zone

A

surface area where water infiltrates into aquifer

68
Q

groundwater supplies how much freshwater

A

40%

69
Q

subsidence

A

when removal > recharge

70
Q

rising sea levels due to

A

thermal expansion of water

melting of ice caps and glaciers

71
Q

what is most impacted by rising sea levels

A

wetlands

72
Q

how much of pop lives within 120 mi of coast

A

.5

73
Q

point source

A

harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water

74
Q

nonpoint source

A

delivers pollutants indirectly through transport or environmental change

75
Q

mercury contamination causes

A

carbonate structures of corals, algae, etc to dissolve

76
Q

mining exposes

A

heavy metals and sulfur compounds

77
Q

iron mountain mine in cali

A

dumps sulfuric acid and heavy metals into sacramento river

78
Q

what 2 compounds are plentiful in untreated wastewater

A

phosphorus and nitrogen

79
Q

oil affects birds by

A

reducing insulating ability
less buoyant
less able to fly and escape

80
Q

deforestation causes

A

root systems to hold soil in place die, sediment is free to run off

81
Q

head reduces ability of water to hold

A

O2

82
Q

minamata disease

A

mercury dumped into bay in japan

collected in fish

83
Q

exxon valdez

A

crude oil spilled into prince william sound, alaska

84
Q

gulf of mexico oil spill

A

deepwater horizon oil rig exploded

85
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

process whereby human activity increases amount of nutrients entering surface waters

86
Q

nitrates

A

water soluble

more damaging in wetlands

87
Q

phosphates

A

adhere to soil particles

more damaging in freshwater systems

88
Q

buffer zones

A

vegetation along streambeds slows erosion and absorbs some nutrients

89
Q

primary wastewater treatment

A

sand catchers, screens, sedimentation

physical treatment

90
Q

secondary treatment

A

filters, activated sludge

biological treatment

91
Q

tertiary treatment

A

raises effulent quality to standard required before discharged into environment
sand filtration, constructed wetlands, nutrient removal, microfiltration, disinfecion

92
Q

federal water pollution control act

A

eliminate or reduce pollution of interstate water

93
Q

water quality act

A

water purity standards

94
Q

clean water act

A

basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into water of US
EPA has authority to implement pollution control programs
made illegal to discharge from point source wo permit
funded sewage treatment plants

95
Q

safe drinking water act

A

standards for safe drinking water

96
Q

ocean dumping ban act

A

illegal to dump sewage into ocaen

97
Q

oil spill prevention and liability act

A

strengthened EPAs ability to prevent/respond to catastrophic oil spills

98
Q

organic waste

A

2 weeks decomp

99
Q

radioactive waste

A

100000 yrs decomp

100
Q

recyclable waste

A

paper 10 days
glass never
metals 100s yrs
plastics 1 mil yrs

101
Q

soiled waste

A

4 months

102
Q

toxic waste

A

100 yrs

APEGS (9 decks)

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