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APEGS > Chapter 7 (atmosphere) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (atmosphere) Flashcards

1
Q

tornado

A

violently rotating column of air associated with extreme horizontal winds

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2
Q

work

A

force times distance (joules)

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3
Q

power

A

rate at which work is done (watts)

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4
Q

current global energy consumption

A

13 tW per year

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5
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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7
Q

heat energy

A

energy of random motion of atoms and molecules

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8
Q

sensible heat

A

heat that may be sensed or monitored by a thermometer

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9
Q

latent heat

A

amount of heat that is either absorbed or released when a substance changes phase

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10
Q

latent heat of vaporization

A

energy required for vaporization of water

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11
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat through a substance by means of atomic or molecular interactions
relies on temp differences

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12
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid

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13
Q

convection cell

A

rising and falling currents due to differences in temperature

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14
Q

radiation

A

wave like energy that is emitted by any substance that possesses heat

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15
Q

earth’s energy balance

A

equillibrium between incoming and outgoing energy

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16
Q

wavelength

A

distance between tops of two successive waves

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17
Q

radiation and absorption of electromagnetic energy is affected by both

A

temp and reflectivity

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18
Q

hotter objects

A

emit more electromagnetic energy

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19
Q

if surface temp doubles,

A

radiated energy increases 16 times

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20
Q

hotter objects radiate energy

A

more rapidly and at shorter wavelengths

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21
Q

sun emits

A

short wave radiation

gamma x rays visible UV light

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22
Q

earth’s land surface, oceans, and clouds emit

A

long wave radiation

infrared

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23
Q

dark or black surfaces

A

absorb or radiate EM energy readily

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24
Q

light or white surfaces

A

tend to reflect EM energy rather than absorb it

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25
Q

atmosphere

A

gaseous envelope that surrounds earth

made up of gas molecules, suspended particles of soild and liquid, and falling precipitation

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26
Q

atmosphere is mainly composes of

A

nitrogen and oxygen

also argon, water vapor, and carbon dioxide

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27
Q

humidity

A

amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given temperature

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28
Q

relative humidity

A

ratio of water vapor present in the atmosphere to the maximum amount of water vapor that could be there

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29
Q

lowest layer of the atmosphere

A

troposphere

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30
Q

troposphere

A

extends about 8-16km above earths surface
rapid upward decrease in temperature
clouds at the very top
contains most of atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane
ozone is significantly less abundant

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31
Q

tropopause

A

upper boundary of the troposphere

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32
Q

cumulus clouds

A

puffy, fair weather, look like cotton

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33
Q

cumulonimbus clouds

A

thunderstorm clouds, release a lot of energy

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34
Q

atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure)

A

weight of column of air that is above any given point

force exerted by gas molecules on a surface

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35
Q

atmospheric pressure decreases rapidly at

A

higher elevations

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36
Q

air rises in areas of

A

low atmospheric pressure

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37
Q

dry air descends and sky conditions remain clear in

A

areas of high atmospheric pressure

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38
Q

cold, dry, converging air movement creates

A

low pressure

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39
Q

warm, moist, diverging air movement results in

A

high pressure

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40
Q

changes in atmospheric pressure are

A

a major driving force for wind

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41
Q

parcel

A

small volume of air

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42
Q

atmospheric stability

A

tendency of a parcel to remain in place or change its vertical position

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43
Q

an air mass is stable if

A

its parcels of air resist vertical movement or return to their original position after they have moved

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44
Q

an air mass is unstable if

A

its parcels rise until they reach air of similar temp and density

45
Q

atmosphere becomes unstable when

A

lighter warm air is overlain by denser cold air

46
Q

coriolis effect

A

deflects winds to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
wind patterns along the equator are not deflected by the coriolis effect

47
Q

front

A

boundary between a cooler and warmer air mass

48
Q

cold front

A

cold air moves into a mass of warm air

49
Q

warm front

A

warm air moves into a mass of cold air

50
Q

stationary front

A

boundary shows little movement

51
Q

most common thunderstorms

A

colorado, NM, FL, GA, AL, MI, LA

52
Q

thunderstorms are most common during

A

afternoon and evening hours

53
Q

mesoscale convective complexes

A

roughly circular clusters of storm cells
most common
downdraft of one cell leads to formation of new one nearby
12 hours or more

54
Q

squall lines

A

linear belts of thunderstorms

develop parallel to cold fronts or along drylines

55
Q

supercells

A

large cells with single updrafts
most damaging
last from 2-4 hours

56
Q

drylines

A

air mass boundary between moisture content

57
Q

outflow boundaries

A

arcuate lines of thunderstorms that may travel long distances

58
Q

hailstorms most common in

A

great plains

59
Q

tornado

A

vortex extends downward from a cloud and touches the ground

60
Q

funnel clouds

A

funnel shaped vortices that have not touches the ground

61
Q

tornadoes form where there are

A

large differences in atmospheric pressure over short distances

62
Q

mesocyclone

A

large upward rotating column of air

63
Q

suction vortices

A

smaller intense whirls
orbit the center of a large tornado
responsible for greatest damage

64
Q

how tornadoes are classified

A

fujita scale (F scale)

65
Q

tornadic watersprouts

A

descend from storm clouds over water

develop from downdrafts

66
Q

fair weather waterspouts

A

develop upward from water surface

67
Q

blizzards

A

large amounts of falling or blowing snow are driven by high winds to create low visibilities for an extended period of time

68
Q

wind chill effect

A

moving air rapidly cools exposed skin by evaporation of moisture and by removing warm air from next to the body

69
Q

ice storms

A

prolonged periods of freezing rain

70
Q

drought

A

extended period of unusually low precipitation

71
Q

dust storms

A

strong windstorms in which suspended dust that is carried by the wind reduces visibility for a significant period of time

72
Q

sand storms

A

sand is transported over a distance of 30 m at the surface of the land

73
Q

ridges

A

elongate areas of high pressure

74
Q

heat index

A

measures body’s perception of air temperature (greatly influenced by humidity)

75
Q

doppler radar

A

sends out EM radiation that has a wavelength a little longer than a microwave
clouds, raindrops, etc reflect EM waves

76
Q

doppler effect

A

wavelengths of the reflected waves changes depending on whether the objects are moving toward or away from the antenna

77
Q

watch

A

warns of possibility of event in future

78
Q

warning

A

event has been sighted and area is in danger

79
Q

mitigation

A

long term actions to prevent or minimize death and damage

80
Q

conduction

A

transfer through atomic or molecular interactions

two bodies in contact with one another

81
Q

convection

A

transfer through mass movement of a fluid
hot air rises and displaces cool air, which falls
creates a convection cell

82
Q

radiation

A

transfer through electromagnetic waves

83
Q

redirection

A

reflection back to space by clouds, water, and land

scattering disperses energy in many directions

84
Q

transmission

A

energy is passed through atmosphere

85
Q

albedo

A

describes the reflectivity of surfaces

86
Q

dark woodlands reflect

A

5%-15%

87
Q

light grasslands reflect

A

25%

88
Q

absorption

A

energy that is not reflected but absorbed

89
Q

temperature depends on

A

amount of energy absorbed or reflected

90
Q

atmospheric composition

A

composed mostly of N and O

also water vapor, argo, CO2

91
Q

water vapor

A

important for cloud formation and circulation

comes from evaporation off of earth’s surface

92
Q

humidity

A

describes amount of moisture in atmosphere at particular temperature

93
Q

troposphere

A

all of earth’s surface is within this layer
upper boundary is tropopause
temperature decreases with increasing altitude
clouds are present at the tropopause

94
Q

greenhouse effect

A

heat trapping gasses (co2, h2o) trap heat in the troposphere

95
Q

atmospheric pressure decreases with

A

increasing altitude

96
Q

air rises in areas of

A

low atmospheric pressure

cools, condenses, and forms clouds and precipitation

97
Q

air descends in areas of

A

high atmospheric pressure

sky conditions are mostly clear

98
Q

cold air is more

A

dense

exerts greater pressure on surface

99
Q

air that converges allows air to increase

A

pressure

100
Q

air that diverges lowers the

A

atmospheric pressure

101
Q

sea breeze

A

happens at day

cool breeze from sea to land

102
Q

land breeze

A

happens at night

cool breeze from land to sea

103
Q

3 factors that drive ocean currents

A

rise and fall of tides
wind
thermohaline circulation

104
Q

cirrus clouds

A

made from very small water droplets or ice crystals

105
Q

cumulus clouds

A

puffy, fair weather clouds

106
Q

cumulonimbus clouds

A

vertically stacked, dark storm clouds

107
Q

stratus clouds

A

layered clouds

108
Q

nimbostratus clouds

A

layered rain clouds

109
Q

wind shear

A

large differences in wind speed and direction

APEGS (9 decks)

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