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APEGS > Hydrosphere > Flashcards

Hydrosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Infiltration

A

Vertical movement of water on land

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2
Q

Aquifer

A

Zone of saturated soil

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3
Q

Top of aquifer/saturated zone

A

Water table

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4
Q

Recharge area

A

Area from which an aquifer receives its water

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5
Q

Groundwater discharge

A

Points at which groundwater resurfaces (springs)

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6
Q

Runoff

A

Water moves horizontally along land

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7
Q

Gravity moves runoff towards the nearest

A

Surface water

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8
Q

Drainage basin/watershed

A

Area from which surface waters derive surface runoff and groundwater flows

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9
Q

Continental divide divides country into two

A

Drainage basins

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10
Q

Main source of freshwater for humans

A

Surface runoff

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11
Q

Reservoirs

A

Water that backs up behind dams

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12
Q

Confined aquifer

A

Groundwater that accumulates between two impermeable layers

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13
Q

Artesian well

A

Groundwater comes to surface naturally through confined aquifer pressure

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14
Q

Unconfined aquifers

A

Water is between an impermeable layer and a permeable layer

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15
Q

Cone of depression

A

Water table drops around a well because groundwater recharge moves slowly

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16
Q

Water diversion

A

Movement if water from surface water or groundwater over some distance to its point of use

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17
Q

Desalinization

A

Produces freshwater by removing salt from saltwater and brackish waters

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18
Q

Thermal desalting

A

Seawater is boiled or evaporated and steam is drawn off as pure water

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19
Q

Membrane separation

A

Physically separates salt from water by pushing saltwater through thin filters that do not let minerals pass

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20
Q

Waterworks

A

Human systems for supplying water

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21
Q

Off stream uses

A

Water that is withdrawn from surface water or groundwater

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22
Q

Withdrawals

A

Water is removed from its source

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23
Q

Discharge

A

Water returned after use at or near its source

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24
Q

Consumption

A

Difference between quantity of water withdrawn and quantity discharged

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25
Q

Largest use of water worldwide

A

Agriculture

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26
Q

Largest single use of water in US

A

Thermal electric power

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27
Q

Instream uses

A

Water is not diverted or withdrawn from surface waters or groundwater

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28
Q

Hydroelectric energy

A

Produced by force of falling water

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29
Q

Water pollution

A

Purposeful or accidental addition of materials that contaminate water

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30
Q

Absolute water scarcity

A

Ratio of annual water availability to population

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31
Q

Aral Sea

A

Due to irrigation, volume has decreased 75%

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32
Q

Colorado river

A

Excessively dammed, increased demand for water due to population is lowering water levels

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33
Q

Overdraft

A

Rate of pumping of an aquifer exceeds rate of recharge

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34
Q

Ogallala aquifer

A

Subject of overdraft

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35
Q

Subsidence

A

Surface drops due to desaturated soil particles

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36
Q

Saltwater intrusion

A

Overdrafts allow saltwater to flow into aquifer pore spaces previously occupied by freshwater

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37
Q

Sewage

A

Waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial users that is discharged into sewers

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38
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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39
Q

Fecal coliform count

A

Measures the number of coliform bacteria per 100 milliliters

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40
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

A

Measures the amount of oxygen required for aerobic organisms to decompose organic material in wastewater

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41
Q

Heavy metals

A

Cause cancer, nervous system damage, and birth defects

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42
Q

Minamata disease

A

Mercury poisoning

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43
Q

Non point pollutants

A

Nutrients, organic wastes, agricultural chemicals

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44
Q

Sorption

A

Soil organic carbon can soak up agricultural chemicals

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45
Q

Riparian water rights

A

Allow a landowner to use a share of the water that flows naturally past his or her property

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46
Q

Prior appropriation doctrine

A

No one owns water in a stream

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47
Q

Reasonable use doctrine

A

Allows landowners to pump water for any beneficial use

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48
Q

Rule of absolute ownership

A

Allows landowners to pump as much water as they want

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49
Q

Privatization

A

Selling a state owned business to private investors

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50
Q

Drip irrigation

A

Slow, localized application of water just above the soil surface
Prevents evaporation
Diminishes use of fertilizer
Improves quality of returned water

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51
Q

Clean water act

A

Improve water quality

Achieve no discharge of pollutants

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52
Q

Primary waste treatment

A

Removes large solids physically

Screens, settling tanks, filters

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53
Q

Secondary wastewater treatment

A

Reduces number of pathogens and accelerates decomposition of organic wastes by enhancing the actions of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

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54
Q

Tertiary wastewater treatment

A

Separates undecomposed organic from wastewater

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55
Q

Oxygen demanding agents

A

Organic waste, manure

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56
Q

Organic chemicals

A

Oil
Pesticides
Detergents

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57
Q

Cholera

A

Travels through untreated human wastewater
Spread by sharing contaminated water
Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea

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58
Q

1854 cholera outbreak

A

Spread from India to London by ships transporting contaminated drinking water

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59
Q

Guinea worm disease

A

3 foot worms in foot

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60
Q

Combustion of coal incinerators

A

Mercury poisoning

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61
Q

As bacteria and algae die, they are decomposed by

A

Aerobic bacteria

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62
Q

Bio accumulation

A

Organic molecules get trapped in fat cells and accumulate

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63
Q

Bio magnification

A

Chemicals that can be magnified as they pass through the food chain

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64
Q

What is the number one source of water pollution

A

Sediment pollution

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65
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Water is withdrawn, used for cooling, and returned to its original source

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66
Q

Septic systems

A

Wastewater flows into tanks
Particulate organically settle and are digested by bacteria
Water, organic material, and dissolved nutrients flow into a leaching field and percolate into the soil
Soil bacteria decompose the matter

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67
Q

Consolidated

A

Compacted sediment

Eg sandstone

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68
Q

Unconsolidated

A

Loose sediment

Eg sand

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69
Q

Porosity

A

Proportion of material that is made up of spaces

70
Q

Well sorted means

A

Higher porosity

71
Q

Poorly sorted means

A

Low porosity

72
Q

Permeability

A

Capacity of water to flow through earth materials

73
Q

Water table follows

A

Topography

74
Q

Wetlands form when

A

Several small springs distribute water over a region underlain by a low permeability material such as clay or shale

75
Q

High plains aquifer

A

Produces more water than any other groundwater source in the nation
Sand and gravel with some underlying sandstone
Open aquifer
Partially recharged by rain and snowmelt

76
Q

Bangladesh

A

Widespread groundwater contamination by arsenic

77
Q

Ubar

A

Water resources depleted, limestone shelf cracked, city caved in

78
Q

Largest use of water worldwide

A

Irrigation

79
Q

Estuaries

A

Provide ecosystems in bays and rivers, where fresh river water mixes with seawater

80
Q

Sinkhole

A

Underground cavern is drained of its supporting groundwater and suddenly collapsed

81
Q

Saltwater intrusion

A

Lowering water table lowers pressure allowing saltwater to flow into aquifer and wells

82
Q

Surge flow

A

Uses computers to control release of water

83
Q

Xeriscaping

A

Planting plants that don’t require watering

84
Q

Gray water

A

Slightly dirty water from sinks

85
Q

riparian zones

A

areas of transition between aquatic and upland ecosystems

streams, rivers, bogs, lakes

86
Q

bank stabilisation

A

roots of vegetation hold soil in place, improving stream bank stability
tree roots are most effective
forested riparian zones have wider streams, grassy ones have narrow and deep ones

87
Q

course particulate organic matter

A

food source for bugs

88
Q

wider and shallower streams have more surface area to support

A

benthic organisms

89
Q

best width of buffers

A

50 ft

90
Q

woburn case

A

children diagnosed with lukemia after their mothers drank water from two polluted wells while they were pregnant

91
Q

dendritic drainage patterns

A

characteristic of areas where geology is relatively uniform

92
Q

gradient

A

slope of a stream

93
Q

stream discharge

A

volume of water flowing past a specific point in a given period of time

94
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum sediment the stream can carry

95
Q

as discharge goes up,

A

carrying capacity goes up

96
Q

as discharge drops,

A

carrying capacity drops

97
Q

erosion produces

A

stream load (combination of bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

98
Q

a stream channel migrates across a flood plain in

A

the direction of erosion

99
Q

meanders

A

broad curves in a stream

100
Q

levees

A

raised embankments along a stream channel constructed to protect neighboring lands from rising floodwaters

101
Q

ramsar convention

A

treaty intended to preserve and protect more than 321 acres of wetlands around the world

102
Q

wetland classification

A

must be saturated with water, have poorly drained soils, and aquatic plants

103
Q

how do wetlands get their water

A

precipitation
surface water inflow
ground water inflow

104
Q

OBL vegetation

A

plants that occur almost always
bull rush
tera thumb
rice cut grass

105
Q

FACW vegetation

A

plants that occur usually

canary grass

106
Q

FAC vegetation

A

plants that occur sometimes

honey locust

107
Q

primary wetlands indicators

A 
inundated
watermarks
drift lines
sediment deposits
drainage patterns
108
Q

secondary wetlands indicators

A

oxidized root channels
water stained leaves
local soil survey data
FAC neutral test

109
Q

wetlands soil THING TO REMEMBER THE HORIZONS

A

Oh An Early Bird Crushed Ralph

110
Q

clay

A

smallest particle size
water drains slowly
soil stays wet for long periods of time

111
Q

silt

A

intermediate size particles
well drained, holds nutrients
ideal for plant growth

112
Q

sand

A

largest size particles
water drains quickly
poor storehouse for nutrients
feels gritty

113
Q

atomospheric deposition of chemicals is considered

A

a no point source of pollution

114
Q

what type of water system is most susceptible to damage

A

standing water system

115
Q

turbidity is increased due to

A

sediment pollution

116
Q

dark water may impair

A

photosynthetic activity

117
Q

hardness

A

levels of magnesium and calcium ions in the water

118
Q

BOD will rise in presence of

A

decomposing organic matter

119
Q

what temperature of water retains the most DO

A

cold water

120
Q

is more light or less light better for higher DO levels

A

more light because more photosynthesis

121
Q

does turbulence increase or decrease DO levels

A

increase because of mixing atmospheric oxygen into the water

122
Q

mayfly, dobsonfly, and caddisfly larvae are indicative of

A

excellent water quality

123
Q

blood worms, leeches, and pouch snails are indicative of

A

poor water quality

124
Q

fecal coliform counts

A

indicates contamination with human or animal wastes that may contain pathogenic organisms

125
Q

e coli inhabits

A

human intestine

126
Q

oxygen sag curve

A

illustrates changes that occur in a flowing system where oxygen demanding wastes are added

127
Q

when BOD increases,

A

DO decreases

128
Q

greatest pollutant by volume in aquatic systems

A

sediment pollution

129
Q

causes of erosion

A

mining, deforestation, overgrazing, and agriculture

130
Q

sediment increases

A

turbidity

impairs photosynthesis

131
Q

waterborne diseases include

A

typhoid, cholera, hepatitis A, polio,schistosomaisis

132
Q

a body of water low in nutrients is called

A

oligotrophic

133
Q

body of water high in nutrients is called

A

eutrophic

134
Q

eutrophication

A

process of a body of water proceeding from nutrient poor state to eutrophic state

135
Q

cultural eutrophication

A

humans exacerbate the rate at which the water becomes eutrophic
caused by excess nutrients from fertilizer runoff or sewage

136
Q

algal blooms increase

A

BOD and decrease DO

137
Q

red tide

A

proliferation of certain species of dinoflagellates

toxin is an irritant to human eyes and respiratory systems

138
Q

inorganic pollutants include

A

metals, acids, bases, salts

139
Q

heavy metals include

A

mercury, lead, tin, cadmium

140
Q

heavy metals tend to

A

bioaccumulate and biomagnify

141
Q

heavy metals come from

A

mining, mine waste, smelting

142
Q

mercury is added to atmosphere by

A

coal combustion

143
Q

nonmetallic salts are dangerous because

A

they are solluable in water

144
Q

synthetic organic chemicals include

A

DDT, dioxins, PCBs

145
Q

what kind of rocks can buffer acids in ecosystems

A

limestone and other carbonate rocks

146
Q

hotter water decreases

A

DO

147
Q

what happens when humans remove existing vegetation from around a body of water

A

water warms

148
Q

half of US drinking water is derived from

A

groundwater

149
Q

effect of nitrates on humans

A

impairs blood’s ability to carry oxygen

150
Q

superfund act

A

cleanup of hazardous waste sites

151
Q

activated sludge process

A

mixes effluent from primary treatment with bacteria and oxygen to promote decomposition of wastes

152
Q

tertairy treatement

A

running water through a wetland to remove nutrients

153
Q

which two wastewater treatment stages are biological

A

II and III

154
Q

nitrates are

A

inorganic pollutants

155
Q

oxygen demanding agents are

A

organic waste

156
Q

inorganic plant nutrients

A

nitrogen and phosphorus

157
Q

water soluable inorganic chemicals

A

acids, toxic metals

158
Q

organic chemicals

A

oil, pesticides, detergents

159
Q

waterborne bacteria

A

e coli

explosive emissons

160
Q

waterborne protozoans

A

giardia

explosive emmisions

161
Q

waterborne human viruses

A

hep A
hep E
rotavirus
norwalk virus

162
Q

sources of organic matter

A

bogs, swamps, leaf fall, vegetation,
pulp mills, meat packing plants, wastewater treatment plants,
agricultural and urban runoff

163
Q

many metals are

A

released from rocks when weathered

164
Q

lead poisoning

A

causes miscairrages, learning disabilities

165
Q

nonmetalic salts

A

selenium and arsenic

soluable salts in desert soils

166
Q

limestone areas are buffered from acidity because

A

it is basic in nature

167
Q

as bacteria and algae die, they are decomposed by

A

aerobic bacteria

168
Q

septic systems

A

wastewater flows into tanks , where particulate organics settle and are digested by bacteria

169
Q

sorption

A

contaminants bind to soil particles

170
Q

wetland soils have low

A

hydraulic conductivity

APEGS (9 decks)

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