WATER P2 (SEC C) Flashcards

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1
Q

what countries have water surplus/deficit?

A

SURPLUS : north America , Europe , Parts of Asia
- due to high rainfall

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2
Q

water security?

A

Water security​ means to have a ​clean, reliable source of water that meets ​demand​ throughout the year.

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3
Q

how does water security imrpove Q of L?

A
  • reduce poverty
  • help improve education
  • increase living standards
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4
Q

why do countries suffer from water insecurity?

A
  • contaminated water / polluted
  • lcoals cant purify water before drinking
  • depends on drought
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5
Q

reasons for increasing water consumption ?

A
  • population growth (by 80 mill a year)
  • economic development
  • changes in lifestyle/eating
  • water used to irrigate food
  • urbanisation -> needed for sanitation, drinking, drainage
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6
Q

factors effecting water availability?

A

CLIMATE - high rainfall means water surplus
GEOLOGY- infiltration of water through permeable rock builds important groundwater supplies
POLLUTION - LICs/NEEs use water sources as open sewers leading to waterbourne diseases
LIMITED INFRASTRUCTURE - poorer countries lack infrastruture to transport water
POVERTY- lack mains water
OVER ABSTRACTION - pumping out water faster than it can be replaced

C

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7
Q

impact of water insecurity?

WASTE FOOD IS WASTE

A

WATERBORNE DISEASE
- water supply infrastruture is limited, so less sanitation
- opee sewer/pollution in rivers -> DISEASE

FOOD PRODUCTION
- agriculture uses 70% water supply
- droughts/shortages lead to impact of food production

INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
- More industry , means more DEMAND FOR WATER (water shortage cost $40 billion in China /factories have closed due to shortage)

WATER CONFLICT
- may be water conflict bc water sources cross national/political borders

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8
Q

EAMPLE OF WATER POLLUTION ?

A

River Ganges , india
- most polluted river in world , with uman/industrail waste

  • one billion litres of raw sewage enters river each day
  • leather industries pollute river
  • pestcides /fertilisers leak into river
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9
Q

how can water supply be increased?

DDDW

A

diverting supplies- artifically diverted/stored for use over long periods
- some parts of world surface water EVAPORATES RAPIDLY (collected and diverted into underlying soils)

Dams and Resevoirs
- rainfall is collected/stored and then released in drier periods
- reduces flooding downstream/hydroelectric power can be produced

water transfers
- redistrubute water from areas of water surplus–> deficit
- invlove elaborate systems of canals/pipelines

desalination
- removing salt from seawater to produce fresh water

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10
Q

what is China’s south-north water transfer scheme?

A
  • spending over 79$ billion to transfer water from south- north
  • involves building dams /tunnels
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11
Q

issues linked with desalination?

A
  • environmentalimpacts of ecosystems when salt wste is dumped back into sea
  • vast amounts of energy needed
  • expensive to transport desalinated water
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12
Q

CASE STUDY

what is Lesotho Highland water Project?

A
  • WATER TRANSFER SCHEME to solve water shortage in South Africa
  • involve construction of dams, pipelines, roads , bridges , resevoirs
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13
Q

Case study

main features of scheme?

A
  • Katse/Mohale dams store water that is transferred to Mohale resevoirs
  • water then tranfered to South Africa via 32km tunnel enabling HEP to be produced at Muela Plant
  • Polihali Dam will hold 2.2 billion m cubed of water with 38km transfer tunnel
  • Ntoahae Dam/pumping station will be built 40km downstream from Tsoelike Dam
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14
Q

CASE STUDY

advantages of scheme for Lesotho?

A
  • provides 75% of GDP
  • income from scheme helps development/standard of living
  • supplies with hydroelectric power
  • improvements to transport infrastructure
  • water supply reach 90% of population
  • sanitation coverage from 15-20%
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15
Q

advantages of scheme for South Africa ?

A
  • provides water to area of uneven rainfall pattern/regular droughts
  • provides safe water for 10% population
  • reduces acidity of Vaal river resevoir
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16
Q

disadvantages of scheme for Lesotho?

A
  • building of the first 2 dams meant 30,000 moved from their land
  • corruption has prevented money/investment eaching those effected by construction
  • construction of the Polihali Dam will displace 17 villages/reduce agricultural land of 71 villages
17
Q

disadvantages of scheme for South Africa?

A
  • cost likely to reach $40 billion
  • 40% of water lost through leakages
  • corruption has plagued whole project
18
Q

how to move towards sustainable water supply?

water conservation

A

WATER CONSERVATION:
- reduce leakages - globally 45 mill metre cubed water is lost by leakage
- water tariffs - ppl pay so tend to use less
- prevent pollution
- water efficient appliances - low flush toilets

19
Q

how to move towards sustainable water supply?

groundwater management

A

water abstarction must be balanced with water GAIN
- if groundwater levels fall, water can be CONTAMINATED , making expensive water treatment needed

20
Q

how to move towards sustainable water supply?

recycling

A

reusing treated domestic/industrial waste water
- in Kolkata, India , sewage water is re-used for fish farming /agriculture .
- sewage is pumped into shallow lagoons where sunlight helps algae photosythesise /oxyegnates water to be reused

21
Q

how to move towards sustainable water supply?

using grey water

A
  • may contain traces of dirt,food , grease, hair
  • can be used for irrigation/watering gardens
  • if used within 24hrs, contains valuable fertiliser
22
Q

EXAMPLE

Wakel River Basin Project

A

Rajastan , driest/poorest part of India
- 53 degrees

23
Q

example

what is the Wakel River Basin Project

A

NGO has been working with locals in the Wakel river basin to improve water security /water shortage

main aims are:
- increase water supply/storage
- raise awarness of effective water management

24
Q

what are issues with water supply in Wakel river ?

A
  • overuse of water has led to waterlogging/salination
  • wells hav edried up
25
Q

how to increase water supply in Wakel?

A

Taankas - underground water storage systems about 3-4m deep to collect surface water
Johed - DAMS to capture rainwater
Pats - IRRIGATION channnels to transfer water to fields

26
Q

how are theuy increasing public awarness in Wakel river ?

A
  • education to conserve water