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Geography > CASE STUDY: NIGERIA/LONDON (development) > Flashcards

CASE STUDY: NIGERIA/LONDON (development) Flashcards

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1
Q

NATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?

A

NATIONAL:
ECONOMIC: highest GDP in continent
- 3rd largest manufacturing industry

POLITICAL: China / South Africa starts to invest in NIGERIA

SOCIAL : multicultural and multi faith

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2
Q

INTERNATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?

A

ECONOMIC: world 21st largest country
- hugest average GDP growth
- supplies 2.7% oil
- Lagos is economic hub

POLITICAL: banks 5th highest contributer to UN peacekeeping mission

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3
Q

political , social and cultural context of Nigeria ?

A

POLITICAL: 1960s countries gain INDEPENDENCE - civil wars
- recent fair election/stable government
- forgein companies start to invest

SOCIAL: multicultural/multifaith
- economic inequality between N/S led to tensions

CULTURAL: own music/nollywood
-2nd largest film industry in world

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4
Q

how does MANUFACTURING affect economic development

A
  • more secure income by regualr paid work
  • industries stimuate growth through** close links** with eachother
  • more employment/revenue from taxes increase
  • attrcats forgein investment
  • oil processing creates by products - more chemical industry
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5
Q

what are TNCS and what do they take advantage of ?

A

large company that operates in sevral countries.
locate in different countries to take advantage of:
- tax incentives
- cheap labour
- less environmental laws
- access to wider market

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6
Q

AD/dis OF TNCs on host countries?

A

AD: -provides employment/devlopemnt of new skills
- money is spent in economy
- investment by companies in infrastructure/eductaion
- other local companies benefit from increased orders
- valuable exports revenues earned

DIS: - local workers paid poorly/conditions are poor
- mamagemnt job often go to FOREIGN employees
- most profit goes ABROAD

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7
Q

what are Nigeria’s main exprots/imports?

A

exports : CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, RUBBER, COCA, COTTON
imports: petroleum, cars, phones, rice , wheat

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of aid and the impacts of aid?

A

EMERGENCY AID : follows natural disaster
DEVELOPMENTAL AID: longterm support from charites etc
IMPACTS: - benefits those in poverty
- World Bank apporved a $500 mill to fund dvelopement ( dcereases dependency of country)
- AID from USA helps EDUCATION/protect against HIV
- Uk department for international development funded a health/HIV programme
- NGO nets for life provides education on MALARIA PREVENTION/gives anti mosquito nets

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9
Q

factors increasing Q of L?

A
  • better paid jobs
  • access to safe water/sanitation
  • better schooling, infrastructure, healthcare
  • better diet
  • reliable electricty
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10
Q

how does economic growth (industrial/urban) affect the ENVIRONMENT?

A

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
- pollutants/chemical waste go in drains/ nearby land
- chimneys emit POISONOUS GAS
- 70-80% of Nigeria’s forest destroyed/desertfication

URBAN GROWTH has led to :
- squatter settlements
- waste disposal
- traffic congestion

MINING AND OIL EXTRACTION
- oils spills damage ecosystems/pollutes water
- shell has reported 1010 oil leaks since 2011

COMMERCIAL FARMING
- leads to land degradation/ desertification
- buildings of settlements and roads killed 500 species of plants

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11
Q

CAUSES of economic change in UK?

A

DE-INDUSTRIALISATION:
-decline in secondary (manufacturing) industry /subsequent growth in TERTIARY /QUATERNARY employment because :
- machine/tech replace ppl in industry

GLOBALISATION:
- growth/spread of ideas around world (involves movement of ppl/culture/money)
- Markets have become deregulated and companies have to find ways to make a profit through change and innovation
- Service sector has grown and wages increased

GOVERNMENT POLICIES:
1945-79 - Created state run industries
1979-2000- state run industries were sold off to PRIVATE shareholders - PRIVATISATION- jobs lost
Uk derelict industrail areas transformed into FINANCIAL CENTRES

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12
Q

WHAT IS A post industrial economy?

A

economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industires

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13
Q

factors that helps move towards Post Industrial economy?

A

IT development:
- more businesses in IT / more employment
- internet enables ppl to work from home
- OVER 1.3 MILL work in IT

Service industries/finance:
- contributes 79% of UK economic output

Research :
- employs over 60,000 highly qulaified ppl/contributes £3 bill

Science park/Business Park:
group of scientific/tech knowledge based buisnesses on one site (Univeristy of Southhampton Science Park) - employ over 120,000 ppl

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14
Q

benefits of science parks / why business park is located on edge of towns?

A

BENEFITS of science park:
- excellent link with uni
- source of graduate employees
- attractive location/excellent transport

located on edge of towns:
- land is cheaper
- more land available
- easy access to workers

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15
Q

impacts of industry on environment?

A
  • manufacturing plants look dull
  • causes air/water pollution (transport/industry pollution)
  • waste goes to landfill
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16
Q

Torr Quarry, Somerset :
facts, envirnoment

A

facts: 1/8 limestone quarries on Mendlip Hills
- over 100 ppl employed at Torr Quarry
- contribues £15 mill to economy/ yr

environment: occupy 2.5km^2 /located 7km east of Shepton Mallet
- produces 8 mill tonnes per yr/ export 5mill tonnes
- nationally important for construction materials

17
Q

how is torr quarry becoming more environmentally sustainable?

A
  • creating wildlife lakes
  • 200 acres of land has been landscaped
  • rail transport - less cars
18
Q

social/economic affects on area of POPULATION GROWTH : South Cambridgeshire

A

SOCIAL: - more traffic
- modern developments of villages leads to break of community spirit
- housing is not affordable –> migration

ECONOMIC:
- reduced agricultural employmnet , farmers sell land for housing
- lack of affordable housing
- high petrol prices
- poorer migrants put prssure on services/increase cost

19
Q

social/economic affects on area of POPULATION DECLINE : Outer Hebrides

A

population of 27400 ppl- decline of 50%, due to outward migration
SOCIAL: no. school students falls/schools closures
- fewer working age ppl
- less young ppl to help aggeing population

ECONOMIC:government provides SUBSIDIES to maintain services, but struggle to maintain economy
- more tousim, but not enough infrastructure to support it

20
Q

How are Roads improving in uk?

A

15 bill program - ROAD INVESTMENT STRATEGY’ ( increase capacity/condition of roads)
- new road schemes create CONSTRUCTION JOBS/ boost economy
Plans include :
- 100 new roads
- 1300 new lane miles on motorways / trunk roads TACKLE CONGESTION
- extra lanes - ‘ smart motorways’

e.g South west super highway :
Converts route to dual carriageway and adds more improvements to connecting routes - £2 bill road widening creating jobs

21
Q

How are railways improved in UK?

A

Economy grows if railway is improved :
- electrification of Trans Pennine Express Railway - REDUCE JOURNEY TIMES
- electrification of Midland mainline by 2023
HS2 - £50 bill plan for high speed rail line
- London cross rail :
Involves 32km of new twin bore tunnels under central London
- cost £14.8 bill
- improved journey times and carries 1500 passengers

22
Q

How are airports useful for economy ?

A
  • create global links
  • more jobs
    More than 750,000 international flights depart UK
23
Q

What is Liverpool2 and benefits of it?

A
  • new container terminal at Port of Liverpool
  • scheme constructs deep water quay on River Mersey of £300 mill
    Benefits :
  • creates more jobs
  • boost economy
  • reduce traffic
24
Q

How are they expanding London airports?

A

Government wants
- new runway at Heathrow (18.6 bill)
- extend length of runway at Heathrow (13.5 bill)
- construct new runway at Gatwick (9.3 bill)

25
Q

Strategies to resolve regional difference on Uk?

A
  • Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs): LEPs are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses
  • companies invest to boost the local economy and create jobs
    Example: Humber LEP
    By 2019 it had supported over 13,000 businesses and created nearly 6000 new jobs
  • ‘NORTHERN POWERHOUSE’ strategy help balance wealth/influence- develops economies in north major cities
    e.g HS2 and Liverpool2
  • Enterprise Zones (EZs):
    These areas encourage new businesses and jobs in areas with a low amount of pre-existing economic activity
26
Q

UK links with wider world?

A

TRADE - UK’s main trading partners are the EU (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands)
CULTURE - Cultural links include art; fashion; music; television and film
- TV is one of the UK’s major creative industries worth £1.25 billion a year with programmes such as Dr Who; Downtown Abbey; Peppa Pig and Sherlock
TRANSPORT - Heathrow , channel tunnel , ferries , ports
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION- 99% internet traffic passes submarine high power cables with UK at centre of it

27
Q

How has EU effected uk?

A
  • FINANCIAL SUPPORT for farmers - £18 mill support for farmers
  • EUROPEAN STRUCTURAL INVESTMENT
  • EU is biggest single market in world
  • high unemployment/low wages in poor EU countries - lead to mass migration
  • EU controls crime , pollution, consumer rights
28
Q

Importance of commonwealth to UK?

A
  • secretariat help government become more SUSTAINABLE, INCLUSIVE AND HAVE EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
  • important trading , cultural links
  • sporting connection - commonwealth games
29
Q

example of TNC in Nigeria - BENEFITS/DISADVANTAGES?

A

SHELL
BENEFITS: Gives 91% of its contracts to Nigerian companies
- major contributions to taxes and export revenue
- direct employment for 65,000 workers
- Supports the growth of Nigeria’s own energy sector

DISADVANTAGES: oil spills pollute waters/ decrease biodiveristy
- soil degradation, which has reduced agricultural production
- Oil theft and sabotage are big problems costing TNCs and the government billions

30
Q

how have trading relationship changed with wider world with nigeria ?

A
  • used to be colonised so british empire controlled trade - gained independence in 1960s
  • can now choose trading partners and only has $1.2 bn of trade with the UK but $15 bn with the USA and India combined.
  • china and USA also are starting to invest

Geography (13 decks)

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