CASE STUDY: NIGERIA/LONDON (development) Flashcards
NATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?
NATIONAL:
ECONOMIC: highest GDP in continent
- 3rd largest manufacturing industry
POLITICAL: China / South Africa starts to invest in NIGERIA
SOCIAL : multicultural and multi faith
INTERNATIONAL importance of Nigeria ?
ECONOMIC: world 21st largest country
- hugest average GDP growth
- supplies 2.7% oil
- Lagos is economic hub
POLITICAL: banks 5th highest contributer to UN peacekeeping mission
political , social and cultural context of Nigeria ?
POLITICAL: 1960s countries gain INDEPENDENCE - civil wars
- recent fair election/stable government
- forgein companies start to invest
SOCIAL: multicultural/multifaith
- economic inequality between N/S led to tensions
CULTURAL: own music/nollywood
-2nd largest film industry in world
how does MANUFACTURING affect economic development
- more secure income by regualr paid work
- industries stimuate growth through** close links** with eachother
- more employment/revenue from taxes increase
- attrcats forgein investment
- oil processing creates by products - more chemical industry
what are TNCS and what do they take advantage of ?
large company that operates in sevral countries.
locate in different countries to take advantage of:
- tax incentives
- cheap labour
- less environmental laws
- access to wider market
AD/dis OF TNCs on host countries?
AD: -provides employment/devlopemnt of new skills
- money is spent in economy
- investment by companies in infrastructure/eductaion
- other local companies benefit from increased orders
- valuable exports revenues earned
DIS: - local workers paid poorly/conditions are poor
- mamagemnt job often go to FOREIGN employees
- most profit goes ABROAD
what are Nigeria’s main exprots/imports?
exports : CRUDE OIL, PETROLEUM, NATURAL GAS, RUBBER, COCA, COTTON
imports: petroleum, cars, phones, rice , wheat
what are the 2 types of aid and the impacts of aid?
EMERGENCY AID : follows natural disaster
DEVELOPMENTAL AID: longterm support from charites etc
IMPACTS: - benefits those in poverty
- World Bank apporved a $500 mill to fund dvelopement ( dcereases dependency of country)
- AID from USA helps EDUCATION/protect against HIV
- Uk department for international development funded a health/HIV programme
- NGO nets for life provides education on MALARIA PREVENTION/gives anti mosquito nets
factors increasing Q of L?
- better paid jobs
- access to safe water/sanitation
- better schooling, infrastructure, healthcare
- better diet
- reliable electricty
how does economic growth (industrial/urban) affect the ENVIRONMENT?
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
- pollutants/chemical waste go in drains/ nearby land
- chimneys emit POISONOUS GAS
- 70-80% of Nigeria’s forest destroyed/desertfication
URBAN GROWTH has led to :
- squatter settlements
- waste disposal
- traffic congestion
MINING AND OIL EXTRACTION
- oils spills damage ecosystems/pollutes water
- shell has reported 1010 oil leaks since 2011
COMMERCIAL FARMING
- leads to land degradation/ desertification
- buildings of settlements and roads killed 500 species of plants
CAUSES of economic change in UK?
DE-INDUSTRIALISATION:
-decline in secondary (manufacturing) industry /subsequent growth in TERTIARY /QUATERNARY employment because :
- machine/tech replace ppl in industry
GLOBALISATION:
- growth/spread of ideas around world (involves movement of ppl/culture/money)
- Markets have become deregulated and companies have to find ways to make a profit through change and innovation
- Service sector has grown and wages increased
GOVERNMENT POLICIES:
1945-79 - Created state run industries
1979-2000- state run industries were sold off to PRIVATE shareholders - PRIVATISATION- jobs lost
Uk derelict industrail areas transformed into FINANCIAL CENTRES
WHAT IS A post industrial economy?
economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industires
factors that helps move towards Post Industrial economy?
IT development:
- more businesses in IT / more employment
- internet enables ppl to work from home
- OVER 1.3 MILL work in IT
Service industries/finance:
- contributes 79% of UK economic output
Research :
- employs over 60,000 highly qulaified ppl/contributes £3 bill
Science park/Business Park:
group of scientific/tech knowledge based buisnesses on one site (Univeristy of Southhampton Science Park) - employ over 120,000 ppl
benefits of science parks / why business park is located on edge of towns?
BENEFITS of science park:
- excellent link with uni
- source of graduate employees
- attractive location/excellent transport
located on edge of towns:
- land is cheaper
- more land available
- easy access to workers
impacts of industry on environment?
- manufacturing plants look dull
- causes air/water pollution (transport/industry pollution)
- waste goes to landfill
Torr Quarry, Somerset :
facts, envirnoment
facts: 1/8 limestone quarries on Mendlip Hills
- over 100 ppl employed at Torr Quarry
- contribues £15 mill to economy/ yr
environment: occupy 2.5km^2 /located 7km east of Shepton Mallet
- produces 8 mill tonnes per yr/ export 5mill tonnes
- nationally important for construction materials
how is torr quarry becoming more environmentally sustainable?
- creating wildlife lakes
- 200 acres of land has been landscaped
- rail transport - less cars
social/economic affects on area of POPULATION GROWTH : South Cambridgeshire
SOCIAL: - more traffic
- modern developments of villages leads to break of community spirit
- housing is not affordable –> migration
ECONOMIC:
- reduced agricultural employmnet , farmers sell land for housing
- lack of affordable housing
- high petrol prices
- poorer migrants put prssure on services/increase cost
social/economic affects on area of POPULATION DECLINE : Outer Hebrides
population of 27400 ppl- decline of 50%, due to outward migration
SOCIAL: no. school students falls/schools closures
- fewer working age ppl
- less young ppl to help aggeing population
ECONOMIC:government provides SUBSIDIES to maintain services, but struggle to maintain economy
- more tousim, but not enough infrastructure to support it
How are Roads improving in uk?
15 bill program - ROAD INVESTMENT STRATEGY’ ( increase capacity/condition of roads)
- new road schemes create CONSTRUCTION JOBS/ boost economy
Plans include :
- 100 new roads
- 1300 new lane miles on motorways / trunk roads TACKLE CONGESTION
- extra lanes - ‘ smart motorways’
e.g South west super highway :
Converts route to dual carriageway and adds more improvements to connecting routes - £2 bill road widening creating jobs
How are railways improved in UK?
Economy grows if railway is improved :
- electrification of Trans Pennine Express Railway - REDUCE JOURNEY TIMES
- electrification of Midland mainline by 2023
HS2 - £50 bill plan for high speed rail line
- London cross rail :
Involves 32km of new twin bore tunnels under central London
- cost £14.8 bill
- improved journey times and carries 1500 passengers
How are airports useful for economy ?
- create global links
- more jobs
More than 750,000 international flights depart UK
What is Liverpool2 and benefits of it?
- new container terminal at Port of Liverpool
- scheme constructs deep water quay on River Mersey of £300 mill
Benefits : - creates more jobs
- boost economy
- reduce traffic
How are they expanding London airports?
Government wants
- new runway at Heathrow (18.6 bill)
- extend length of runway at Heathrow (13.5 bill)
- construct new runway at Gatwick (9.3 bill)
Strategies to resolve regional difference on Uk?
- Local enterprise partnerships (LEPs): LEPs are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses
- companies invest to boost the local economy and create jobs
Example: Humber LEP
By 2019 it had supported over 13,000 businesses and created nearly 6000 new jobs -
‘NORTHERN POWERHOUSE’ strategy help balance wealth/influence- develops economies in north major cities
e.g HS2 and Liverpool2 -
Enterprise Zones (EZs):
These areas encourage new businesses and jobs in areas with a low amount of pre-existing economic activity
UK links with wider world?
TRADE - UK’s main trading partners are the EU (particularly Germany, France and the Netherlands)
CULTURE - Cultural links include art; fashion; music; television and film
- TV is one of the UK’s major creative industries worth £1.25 billion a year with programmes such as Dr Who; Downtown Abbey; Peppa Pig and Sherlock
TRANSPORT - Heathrow , channel tunnel , ferries , ports
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION- 99% internet traffic passes submarine high power cables with UK at centre of it
How has EU effected uk?
- FINANCIAL SUPPORT for farmers - £18 mill support for farmers
- EUROPEAN STRUCTURAL INVESTMENT
- EU is biggest single market in world
- high unemployment/low wages in poor EU countries - lead to mass migration
- EU controls crime , pollution, consumer rights
Importance of commonwealth to UK?
- secretariat help government become more SUSTAINABLE, INCLUSIVE AND HAVE EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT
- important trading , cultural links
- sporting connection - commonwealth games
example of TNC in Nigeria - BENEFITS/DISADVANTAGES?
SHELL
BENEFITS: Gives 91% of its contracts to Nigerian companies
- major contributions to taxes and export revenue
- direct employment for 65,000 workers
- Supports the growth of Nigeria’s own energy sector
DISADVANTAGES: oil spills pollute waters/ decrease biodiveristy
- soil degradation, which has reduced agricultural production
- Oil theft and sabotage are big problems costing TNCs and the government billions
how have trading relationship changed with wider world with nigeria ?
- used to be colonised so british empire controlled trade - gained independence in 1960s
- can now choose trading partners and only has $1.2 bn of trade with the UK but $15 bn with the USA and India combined.
- china and USA also are starting to invest
