Development P2 SEC B Flashcards

1
Q

What is development?

A

Improvement to people’s quality of life and standard of living

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2
Q

What factors effect quality of life?

A
  • Social
  • political
  • Wealth
  • Environment - sustainability
  • Cultural - democracy/politics
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3
Q

What are the advantages of GNI, as an economic measure of development? (2)

A
  • Easy to measure
  • measure country’s level of economic development
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of GNI?

A
  • doesn’t count happiness
    • higher GNI can hide widespread inequality
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5
Q

Why is HDI a good measure to use for judging the development of a country? (3)

A
  • uses 2 types of social data and 1 type of economic data- shows quality of life and standard of living
  • updated annually
  • gives indication of how the money is spent
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6
Q

What is the difference between standard of living and quality of life?

A

Standard of living measure economic wellbeing.
Quality of life is about happiness.

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7
Q

Describe the disadvantages of HDI?

A
  • some geographers argue that wealth has too much of an important part, so rich countries can be artificially high in rankings
  • some think HDI should include more measured, from a range of 10-15 instead of 3, to give the final score
  • GNI may hide widespread inequality of a country
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8
Q

Define GNI.

A

Gross National Income

- total value of goods and services produced in country ,plus the income of residents and buisnesses

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9
Q

What factors make up HDI?

A
  • life expectancy
  • number of years of education
  • GNI per capita
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10
Q

Name the 3 main causes of uneven development and an example for each.

A
  • Economic causes - most of trade is within richer countries, want to pay as little as possible to LICs ( gte material from LICS cheaper)
  • Historical causes - colonisation, wars (due to independence), poverty cycle, high economy already
  • Physical causes - natural disasters, landlocked ,extreme climate, lack of safe water, climate related disease
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11
Q

Evidence of disparities in wealth caused by uneven development?

A
  • increases development gap
  • LEDCs are exploited for goods and don’t get paid enough, because rich countries are powerful
  • corrupt governments - less money goes towards benefiting people
  • MEDCs get richer/ stay rich
  • HICs have more stable governments - more money put into benefiting people
  • ## More trade within MEDCs
  • NEES have grown
    -in 2014, 35% of gobal welath in N AMERICA , but onlly held by 5% of world’s adult population
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12
Q

effects of migration from uneven development?

A
  • NO JOBS
  • OVERPOPULATION
  • multicutural
  • economic migrants
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13
Q

How can we narrow the development gap?

A
  • improve trade - fair trade, cancel debt (interest rates are high), free trade through WTO
  • Aid
  • Support for women - local micro-finance schemes
    - Work for gender equality
  • Investment - rich invest into poorer
  • Tourism
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14
Q

Define sustainability.

A

When materials/ resources are used in a way that balance needs of the present without compromising the future

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15
Q

What factors are affected by uneven development?

A
  • wealth
  • health
  • migration
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16
Q

What is primary, secondary and tertiary activity?

A

Primary - extracting raw materials - farming, mining, fishing
Secondary- manufacturing/construction - making cars etc.
Tertiary - providing service - teaching, doctors etc.

17
Q

Define a development indicator?

A

A measure to show how developed a country is.

18
Q

What factor puts countries at a disadvantage when trading?

A

Landlocked countries

19
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

When profits from sales is used to invest into new industries and the country gets richer and richer.

20
Q

What are the limitations of using economic and social indicators to measure development?

A
  • Data might be outdated
  • Some data is difficult to collect
  • Some information is unreliable
  • Informal work isn’t included in data (get healthcare advice on phone for ppl per doctor)
  • Government may be corrupt
21
Q

what is the demographic transition model?

A

A geographical model that shows how a country’s population changes over time

22
Q

what is infant mortality?

A

no, deaths of children under 1 year per 1000 live births

23
Q

ppl per doctor?

A

no. ppl who rely on one doctor for healthcare advice

24
Q

access to safe water?

A

% ppl who have access to water that doesnt carry health risk

25
# what happens at stage one of demographic model?
HIGH birth rate HIGH death raet stable population
26
# what happens at stage 2 of demographic model?
birth rate : REMAINS HIGH death rate: DECREASES Polulation : GROWS
27
# WHAT HAPPENS AT STAGE 3 of demographic transition model?
birth rate DROPS RAPIDLY Death rate DECREASES population GROWS
28
# WHAT HAPPENS AT STAGE 4 of demographic transition model?
BIRTH RATE LOW /fluctuates Death rate LOW population is HIGH
29
# what happens at stage 5 of demographic transition model?
birth rate is LOW deaths reate INCREASES population DECREASES
30
evidence fort disparities of HEALTH caused by uneven development?
in LICS, mist common death is CHILD BIRTH COMPLICATIONS but in HICS , chronic disease is most common death LICS: infection is 1/3 deaths 2/10 old age 4/10 of children under 15 HICS: 1/100 deaths children under 15 7/10 are old age deaths
31
Stratégies to reduce development gap - 8
INVESTMENT INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT TOURISM AID INTERMEDIATE TECH FAIRTRDE DEBT RELIEF MICROFINANCE
32
How does INVESTMENT reduce development gap?
Invest money in LIC to increase profit involving: - construction of dams (electricity) - improvement of harbours and ports - development in industries
33
How does INDIUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT reduce development gap?
1) factory creates employment /money 2) money invested in SCHOOLS/WATER/HEALTH 3) population is better educated 4) opportunities for new investment
34
How does TOURSIM reduce development gap?
Tourism increases INCOME for schools and healthcare , housing
35
How does FAIRTRADE reduce development gap?
Improves quality of life for farmers - get all money for crops (fair price) - part of price is invested in LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
36
How does DEBT RELIEF reduce development gap?
- build up of debts in 1970-80 - DEBT CRISIS - so borrowed money to develop economy as HICS CANCELLED DEBTS - money saved in debt can be used to develop services, infrastructure
37
What is microfinance ?
Small scale financial support from banks to help poor
38
reducing development gap case study : Jamaica - how has tourism reduced the development gap ?
**ECONOMY**: - Tourism accounts for ***34% GDP*** in 2019 - Earns ***£2 billion a year*** in tourist revenues **EMPLOYMENT**: Employs ***300,000 people*** directly and indirectly ***Multiplier effect***: Help boost the economy through local spending in shops and on services **INFRASTRUCTURE** : The north coast saw a ***new port and cruise liner facilities*** together with ***new hotel accommodations*** being built - Narrows the gap as more tourists are attracted to the area which generates more jobs which in turn boosts the economy
39
Jamaica : ad and dis on environment due to toursim?
ad: Conservation & landscaping - water treatment to reduce pollution from hotels - ecotourism developments DIS : Footpath erosion - excessive waste - use of water, harmful emissions