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Geography > Urban issues and challenges (P2- SEC A) > Flashcards

Urban issues and challenges (P2- SEC A) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the importance of Lagos nationally, regionally?

A

NAT: Nations centre of trade and commerce
80% Nigeria industry based around lagos

REG: main finance centre in west African
Major airport/seaport

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2
Q

What cause population growth in Lagos? (2)

A

RURAL-URBAN migration
High rate of NATURAL INCREASE

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3
Q

Push factors of rural areas ?(3)

A

-poor healthcare /education
- farming pays low wages
- few jobs in rural

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4
Q

Opportunities for Lagos SOCIAL (2)

A

Social : EDUCATION
- more schools and unis in Lagos
- More likely to find work in Lagos, growing industries
- in rural areas , 40% children don’t go to school

HEALTHCARE
- available in Lagos unlike in rural areas
- floating school in Makoko provides healthcare for free

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5
Q

Opportunities in Lagos ECONOMIC (2)

A

GDP
- city generates quarter of Nigeria’s GDP
- 80% OF NIGERIAN INDUSTRY IN LAGOS
- main exporter of oil

EMPLOYMENT
- more jobs available
- possible to work in INFORMAL ECONOMY
- Eko Atlantic provides jobs

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6
Q

Pull factors of urban areas

A

Well paid jobs
Higher standard of living
Better education/healthcare
More jobs

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7
Q

Challenges of Lagos ECONOMIC (2)

A

UNEMPLOYMENT/ INFORMAL SECTOR
This type of employment compromises work done without official knowledge of government and therefore without paying taxes- poorly paid
- crime arises due to unemployment - trafficking, gangs take money from ppl

MANAGE URBAN GROWTH
- ppl forced to build homes on land they don’t own
- large gap between rich and poor

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8
Q

Lagos challenges SOCIAL (3)

A

PROVIDING WATER, SANITATION, ENERGY
- only wealthy have piped water - 14% of ppl
- Water could be contaminated by sewage
- households/ businesses rely on back up generators
CRIME
TRAFFIC CONGESTION - 40% of new cars are registered in Lagos
- air pollution is 5x higher than recommended
- can lead to respiratory diseases - lower life expectancy
RISING SEA LEVELS - Lagos is less than 2m above sea level
HOUSING - Makoko and Ajegunle provide housing , but 75% of families live in 1 room

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9
Q

What are squatter settlements and 2 main ones in Lagos? (3)

A

MAKOKO
AJEGUNLE

an area of poor quality housing lacking in amenities which develops spontaneously/illegally in a city of a low income country

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10
Q

What is the Olususun dump?

A

Huge landfill site near the heart of Lagos
- approx 500ppl work there sorting 3000 tonnes of waste every day

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11
Q

AD AND DIS of olusosun dump? (6)

A

AD : - rubbish turn to energy
- job opportunities reselling recycled goods
- save money buying recycled goods

DIS: - ppl sort 3000 tonnes of waste
- natural gas build up
- if dry can lead to fires

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12
Q

Where does lagos get its water from ? (4)

A

WATER TREATMENT PLANTS- extract river water to supply piped water

WELLS/ BOREHOLES - residents dig wells/sink boreholes to obtain groundwater from below water table

OPEN DRAINS - carry surface rainwater into rivers and the Lagoon

GROUNDWATER

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13
Q

Cause of Lagos water pollution? (3)

A
  • lack of proper sewage system in city
  • sewage is disposed of with rainwater through OPEN DRAINS
  • carried into rivers and the Lagoon which also become polluted
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14
Q

Cause of flooding ? (4)

A
  • coast location increases vulnerability of flooding
  • flat low lying land
  • heavy annual rainfall
  • squatter settlements build without proper drainage
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15
Q

Impact of rising sea levels? (4)

A
  • increase flooding
  • groundwater can be contaminated with salt
  • drains overflow
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16
Q

Problems with living in squatter settlements ? (4)

A
  • densely populated due to shortage of land
  • homes extend into water
  • homes are made of unsteady materials
  • lack of basic facilities/santitation
  • spread of disease
  • lack of proper water/power supply
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17
Q

Challenges for London ECONOMIC (3)

A

INEQUALITY : - rich get well paid jobs
- use private schools etc
- poor are vulnerable to gangs/crimes

URBAN DEPRIVATION : - huge areas of poverty
- gap between rich and poor is big
- lower life expectancy in deprived parts - difference of 12yr life expectancy in some areas

UNEMPLOYMENT: higher rate if unemployment
- migrants exploited /paid below min wage

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18
Q

Challenges for London SOCIAL (3)
SUL

A

SOCIAL DEPRIVATION : degree to which an individual/area is deprived of services, housing, adequate income and local employment
- 2 mill in poverty

LACK OF HOUSING : leads to controversial view whether to build on brownfield sites/extend into green belt (URBAN SPRAWL)
- only 20,000 new homes built per year but 100,000 ppl every year

URBAN SPRAWL

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19
Q

Challenges for London ENVIRONMENTAL

A

POLLUTION : from vehicles/modern heating systems
- most of central London break EU limit of 40mg/m^3 for NO2

WASTE : - London waste goes to landfill sites outside London
- contributes t more methane in air

RECLAMATION - build on derelict, brownfield sites to keep up with pop growth
e.g Olympic park, however more waste as land needs to be cleared/demolished first

20
Q

Impact of urban sprawl on rural-urban fringe? (3)

A
  • increase traffic
  • health issues
  • housing issues
21
Q

What are greenfield/Brown field sites ?

A

BROWNFIELD: areas of land that are previously developed which are often DERELICT NOW and have POTENTIAL for REDEVELOPMENT

GREENFIELD : areas of land that have not been built on

22
Q

Why is there are shortage of homes in London (2)

A
  1. Population growth, not enough houses built
  2. House prices are too high due to increased demand
23
Q

What is urban greening and how is London achieving it?

A
  • increase the amount/proportion of green spaces within a city
  1. Create rooftop green spaces
  2. Making major new building projects take into consideration urban green spaces
  3. Offering huge range of green spaces to public
24
Q

Why is it good to have green spaces? (5)

A
  • trees produce oxugen
  • vegetation reduces danger of flooding
  • species given habitats/ food
  • well being
  • green spaces to grow food
25
Q

why do ppl leave London ? (3)

A
  • noise /crowds
  • pollution
  • high housing prices
  • crime
  • too much traffic
  • exoensive
26
Q

Why commuter towns are attractive? (4)

A
  • better house prices
  • rural idyll - happier, healthier
  • less crime
  • sense of community
27
Q

IMPACT of migration in commuter towns? Social,economic,environemtal

A

SOCIAL : - increase population
- more facilities provides
- urbanism clashes with local values
ENVIRON : - more houses ->loss of green space
- more traffic -> more pollution
- improvements in housing fatades/gardens
ECONOMIC: - house price rise -> local can’t afford
- more shops/service stations to cater more expensive jeeds

28
Q

Opportunities for London SOCIAL(2)

A

RECREATION/ENTERTAINMENT
- younger population - museums, the O2 , Wembley , art galleries

MULTICULTURAL
- celebrate diverse events
- ppl learn abt cultures
- less than 50% ppl in London are of white British origin - 300 langs spoken
- maintains high Q of L

29
Q

Opportunities for London ECONOMIC(2)

A

EMPLOYMENT - economy consists of 96% service industry positions
- jobs range from pubs to high skilled finance jobs
- London fashion week gets over £100m orders

INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS by providing more interchanges with underground
- population grows meaning need for more transport
- demand for public transport is to increase by 60% by 2050
- Boris bikes, London Heathrow

30
Q

Opportunities for London ENVIRONMENTAL (1)

A

Urban greening

31
Q

Why was the Olympic park (LONDON) in need of regeneration?(3)

A
  • derelict land
  • unemployment
    -land was contaminated with chemicals
  • abandoned industrial sites
  • poor transport - couldn’t work
32
Q

Main features of regeneration program? (3)

A
  • new sports venues
  • athlete village is now RESIDENTIAL community - 2800 homes
  • landscaped park with TOURIST attractions - 100 hectares
  • clean soil /waterways
33
Q

Features of sustainable urban living ? (3)

A

Water/energy conservation
Waste recycling
Creating green spaces

34
Q

Why does Bristol need a sustainable urban transport strategy? (2)

A
  • densely populated- transport is key
  • thousands of daily journeys are made by car causing traffic
35
Q

What are the sustainable transport strategies?

A

Cycle
MetroWest- rail service linking Bristol to other towns by reopening old railway lines
MetroBus - rapid transit buses improving Joyner times
Park and Rides
Charging points for electric vehicles

36
Q

How is urban planning improving quality of life for the poor in LAGOS?

A

Floating communities
- Makoko floating school built in 2014

these provide:
- EDUCATION - host lessons for 60 children at a time
- HOUSING
- ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE - gnerate own energy by solar panels
- HELPS WITHSTAND RISING SEA LEVELS

37
Q

Suggest reasons for inequality in education in urban areas? (4) LONDON use an example.

A
  • de industrialisation leading to inner city decline - subsequent DEPRIVATION leading to poorer education
  • OLYMPIC SITE is deprived area
  • deprivation and urban change tend to cumulative - low employment/wages , poor health etc.
  • wealth move to OUTSKIRTS acceding better health, jobs and education
38
Q

Importance of London in the UK and internationally?(4)

A
  • UK largest and wealthiest city
  • one of two most important financial centres in world
  • headquarters of international companies
  • centre of culture, entertainment,tourism
39
Q

What makes the East village a sustainable community?(4)

A
  • TRANSPORT - bus services and trains connect to London Underground
  • GREEN OPEN SPACE - 10 hectares of parkland
  • HIGH DENSITY APARTMENTS- less heat is lost from these/energy efficient
  • GREEN ROOFS - for wildlife
  • HOUSING - low prices
  • SHOPS/SERVICES - small independent businesses to keep economy local
  • PUBLIC SERVICES - schools/health
40
Q

ad/dis about building on brownfield sites (3)

A

AD: - Sites available
- reduces need for urban sprawl
- better public transport
DIS : - ground may be contaminated
- land is more expensive in urban areas
- old building will need to be demolished

41
Q

ad/dis about building on greenfield sites? (5)

A

AD : land is cheaper in rural areas
no demolition/decontamination needed

DIS : public transport is worse in rural areas so more need for cars
increases urban sprawl
natural habitats are destroyed

42
Q

what is the ‘Waterfront Regeneration Plan’?

A

alternative to demolition of Makoko
- encourages economic development
- preserve historical character
- build sustainablity

  • at centre of plan , new NEIGHBORUHOOD HOTSPOTS - improve healthcare/meeting places
  • also centres for waste collection –> generates power
43
Q

explain why green spaces are important for sustainable living?

A
  • Trees absorb CO2 and so act as a carbon sink helping to reduce carbon emissions.
  • Trees and hedging help to absorb harmful pollutants - reduce illness and reduces the emissions circulating in the atmosphere.
  • Green space, especially trees which create shade, will create pockets of cooler air, reducing urban heat levels.
  • make cities more liveable and reduce stress amongst residents
44
Q

how is air pollution/traffic managed in lagos ?

A
  • improving the road and rail networks- The new light railway will reduce the amount of traffic and congestion along with reducing air pollution
  • A Fourth Mainland Bridge along with improvements on 360 inner roads restored are due to begin in 2023
45
Q

how is problem of employment being solved in Lagos?

A

Eko Atlantic development aims to provide skilled employment opportunities as a new CBD for the city
- Building it provides employment opportunities building roads, houses, offices and infrastructure to cope with 150,000 daily commuters and 250,000 residents

Geography (13 decks)

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