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Urban issues and challenges (P2- SEC A) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of Lagos nationally, regionally?

A

NAT: Nations centre of trade and commerce
80% Nigeria industry based around lagos

REG: main finance centre in west African
Major airport/seaport

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2
Q

What cause population growth in Lagos? (2)

A

RURAL-URBAN migration
High rate of NATURAL INCREASE

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3
Q

Push factors of rural areas ?(3)

A

-poor healthcare /education
- farming pays low wages
- few jobs in rural

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4
Q

Opportunities for Lagos SOCIAL (2)

A

Social : EDUCATION
- more schools and unis in Lagos
- More likely to find work in Lagos, growing industries
- in rural areas , 40% children don’t go to school

HEALTHCARE
- available in Lagos unlike in rural areas
- floating school in Makoko provides healthcare for free

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5
Q

Opportunities in Lagos ECONOMIC (2)

A

GDP
- city generates quarter of Nigeria’s GDP
- 80% OF NIGERIAN INDUSTRY IN LAGOS
- main exporter of oil

EMPLOYMENT
- more jobs available
- possible to work in INFORMAL ECONOMY
- Eko Atlantic provides jobs

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6
Q

Pull factors of urban areas

A

Well paid jobs
Higher standard of living
Better education/healthcare
More jobs

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7
Q

Challenges of Lagos ECONOMIC (2)

A

UNEMPLOYMENT/ INFORMAL SECTOR
This type of employment compromises work done without official knowledge of government and therefore without paying taxes- poorly paid
- crime arises due to unemployment - trafficking, gangs take money from ppl

MANAGE URBAN GROWTH
- ppl forced to build homes on land they don’t own
- large gap between rich and poor

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8
Q

Lagos challenges SOCIAL (3)

A

PROVIDING WATER, SANITATION, ENERGY
- only wealthy have piped water - 14% of ppl
- Water could be contaminated by sewage
- households/ businesses rely on back up generators
CRIME
TRAFFIC CONGESTION - 40% of new cars are registered in Lagos
- air pollution is 5x higher than recommended
- can lead to respiratory diseases - lower life expectancy
RISING SEA LEVELS - Lagos is less than 2m above sea level
HOUSING - Makoko and Ajegunle provide housing , but 75% of families live in 1 room

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9
Q

What are squatter settlements and 2 main ones in Lagos? (3)

A

MAKOKO
AJEGUNLE

an area of poor quality housing lacking in amenities which develops spontaneously/illegally in a city of a low income country

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10
Q

What is the Olususun dump?

A

Huge landfill site near the heart of Lagos
- approx 500ppl work there sorting 3000 tonnes of waste every day

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11
Q

AD AND DIS of olusosun dump? (6)

A

AD : - rubbish turn to energy
- job opportunities reselling recycled goods
- save money buying recycled goods

DIS: - ppl sort 3000 tonnes of waste
- natural gas build up
- if dry can lead to fires

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12
Q

Where does lagos get its water from ? (4)

A

WATER TREATMENT PLANTS- extract river water to supply piped water

WELLS/ BOREHOLES - residents dig wells/sink boreholes to obtain groundwater from below water table

OPEN DRAINS - carry surface rainwater into rivers and the Lagoon

GROUNDWATER

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13
Q

Cause of Lagos water pollution? (3)

A
  • lack of proper sewage system in city
  • sewage is disposed of with rainwater through OPEN DRAINS
  • carried into rivers and the Lagoon which also become polluted
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14
Q

Cause of flooding ? (4)

A
  • coast location increases vulnerability of flooding
  • flat low lying land
  • heavy annual rainfall
  • squatter settlements build without proper drainage
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15
Q

Impact of rising sea levels? (4)

A
  • increase flooding
  • groundwater can be contaminated with salt
  • drains overflow
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16
Q

Problems with living in squatter settlements ? (4)

A
  • densely populated due to shortage of land
  • homes extend into water
  • homes are made of unsteady materials
  • lack of basic facilities/santitation
  • spread of disease
  • lack of proper water/power supply
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17
Q

Challenges for London ECONOMIC (3)

A

INEQUALITY : - rich get well paid jobs
- use private schools etc
- poor are vulnerable to gangs/crimes

URBAN DEPRIVATION : - huge areas of poverty
- gap between rich and poor is big
- lower life expectancy in deprived parts - difference of 12yr life expectancy in some areas

UNEMPLOYMENT: higher rate if unemployment
- migrants exploited /paid below min wage

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18
Q

Challenges for London SOCIAL (3)
SUL

A

SOCIAL DEPRIVATION : degree to which an individual/area is deprived of services, housing, adequate income and local employment
- 2 mill in poverty

LACK OF HOUSING : leads to controversial view whether to build on brownfield sites/extend into green belt (URBAN SPRAWL)
- only 20,000 new homes built per year but 100,000 ppl every year

URBAN SPRAWL

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19
Q

Challenges for London ENVIRONMENTAL

A

POLLUTION : from vehicles/modern heating systems
- most of central London break EU limit of 40mg/m^3 for NO2

WASTE : - London waste goes to landfill sites outside London
- contributes t more methane in air

RECLAMATION - build on derelict, brownfield sites to keep up with pop growth
e.g Olympic park, however more waste as land needs to be cleared/demolished first

20
Q

Impact of urban sprawl on rural-urban fringe? (3)

A
  • increase traffic
  • health issues
  • housing issues
21
Q

What are greenfield/Brown field sites ?

A

BROWNFIELD: areas of land that are previously developed which are often DERELICT NOW and have POTENTIAL for REDEVELOPMENT

GREENFIELD : areas of land that have not been built on

22
Q

Why is there are shortage of homes in London (2)

A
  1. Population growth, not enough houses built
  2. House prices are too high due to increased demand
23
Q

What is urban greening and how is London achieving it?

A
  • increase the amount/proportion of green spaces within a city
  1. Create rooftop green spaces
  2. Making major new building projects take into consideration urban green spaces
  3. Offering huge range of green spaces to public
24
Q

Why is it good to have green spaces? (5)

A
  • trees produce oxugen
  • vegetation reduces danger of flooding
  • species given habitats/ food
  • well being
  • green spaces to grow food
25
why do ppl leave London ? (3)
- noise /crowds - pollution - high housing prices - crime - too much traffic - exoensive
26
Why commuter towns are attractive? (4)
- better house prices - rural idyll - happier, healthier - less crime - sense of community
27
IMPACT of migration in commuter towns? Social,economic,environemtal
SOCIAL : - increase population - more facilities provides - urbanism clashes with local values ENVIRON : - more houses ->loss of green space - more traffic -> more pollution - improvements in housing fatades/gardens ECONOMIC: - house price rise -> local can’t afford - more shops/service stations to cater more expensive jeeds
28
Opportunities for London SOCIAL(2)
RECREATION/ENTERTAINMENT - younger population - museums, the O2 , Wembley , art galleries MULTICULTURAL - celebrate diverse events - ppl learn abt cultures - less than 50% ppl in London are of white British origin - 300 langs spoken - maintains high Q of L
29
Opportunities for London ECONOMIC(2)
EMPLOYMENT - economy consists of 96% service industry positions - jobs range from pubs to high skilled finance jobs - London fashion week gets over £100m orders INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS by providing more interchanges with underground - population grows meaning need for more transport - demand for public transport is to increase by 60% by 2050 - Boris bikes, London Heathrow
30
Opportunities for London ENVIRONMENTAL (1)
Urban greening
31
Why was the Olympic park (LONDON) in need of regeneration?(3)
- derelict land - unemployment -land was contaminated with chemicals - abandoned industrial sites - poor transport - couldn't work
32
Main features of regeneration program? (3)
- new sports venues - athlete village is now RESIDENTIAL community - 2800 homes - landscaped park with TOURIST attractions - 100 hectares - clean soil /waterways
33
Features of sustainable urban living ? (3)
Water/energy conservation Waste recycling Creating green spaces
34
Why does Bristol need a sustainable urban transport strategy? (2)
- densely populated- transport is key - thousands of daily journeys are made by car causing traffic
35
What are the sustainable transport strategies?
Cycle MetroWest- rail service linking Bristol to other towns by reopening old railway lines MetroBus - rapid transit buses improving Joyner times Park and Rides Charging points for electric vehicles
36
How is urban planning improving quality of life for the poor in LAGOS?
Floating communities - Makoko floating school built in 2014 these provide: - **EDUCATION** - host lessons for 60 children at a time - **HOUSING** - **ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE** - gnerate own energy by solar panels - **HELPS WITHSTAND RISING SEA LEVELS**
37
Suggest reasons for inequality in education in urban areas? (4) LONDON use an example.
- de industrialisation leading to inner city decline - subsequent DEPRIVATION leading to poorer education - OLYMPIC SITE is deprived area - deprivation and urban change tend to cumulative - low employment/wages , poor health etc. - wealth move to OUTSKIRTS acceding better health, jobs and education
38
Importance of London in the UK and internationally?(4)
- UK largest and wealthiest city - one of two most important financial centres in world - headquarters of international companies - centre of culture, entertainment,tourism
39
What makes the East village a sustainable community?(4)
- TRANSPORT - bus services and trains connect to London Underground - GREEN OPEN SPACE - 10 hectares of parkland - HIGH DENSITY APARTMENTS- less heat is lost from these/energy efficient - GREEN ROOFS - for wildlife - HOUSING - low prices - SHOPS/SERVICES - small independent businesses to keep economy local - PUBLIC SERVICES - schools/health
40
ad/dis about building on brownfield sites (3)
AD: - Sites available - reduces need for urban sprawl - better public transport DIS : - ground may be contaminated - land is more expensive in urban areas - old building will need to be demolished
41
ad/dis about building on greenfield sites? (5)
AD : land is cheaper in rural areas no demolition/decontamination needed DIS : public transport is worse in rural areas so more need for cars increases urban sprawl natural habitats are destroyed
42
what is the 'Waterfront Regeneration Plan'?
**alternative to demolition of Makoko** - encourages economic development - preserve historical character - build sustainablity - at centre of plan , new NEIGHBORUHOOD HOTSPOTS - **improve healthcare/meeting places** - also centres for waste collection --> **generates power**
43
explain why green spaces are important for sustainable living?
- Trees **absorb CO2** and so act as a carbon sink helping to reduce carbon emissions. - Trees and hedging help to **absorb harmful pollutants** - reduce illness and reduces the emissions circulating in the atmosphere. - Green space, especially trees which create shade, will create pockets of cooler air, reducing **urban heat levels.** - make cities **more liveable** and reduce stress amongst residents
44
how is air pollution/traffic managed in lagos ?
- improving the **road and rail networks**- The new **light railway** will reduce the amount of traffic and congestion along with reducing air pollution - **A Fourth Mainland Bridge** along with improvements on **360 inner roads** restored are due to begin in 2023
45
how is problem of employment being solved in Lagos?
**Eko Atlantic** development aims to provide skilled employment opportunities as a new CBD for the city - **Building it provides employment** opportunities building roads, houses, offices and infrastructure to cope with 150,000 daily commuters and 250,000 residents

Geography (13 decks)

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