Urban issues and challenges (P2- SEC A) Flashcards
What is the importance of Lagos nationally, regionally?
NAT: Nations centre of trade and commerce
80% Nigeria industry based around lagos
REG: main finance centre in west African
Major airport/seaport
What cause population growth in Lagos? (2)
RURAL-URBAN migration
High rate of NATURAL INCREASE
Push factors of rural areas ?(3)
-poor healthcare /education
- farming pays low wages
- few jobs in rural
Opportunities for Lagos SOCIAL (2)
Social : EDUCATION
- more schools and unis in Lagos
- More likely to find work in Lagos, growing industries
- in rural areas , 40% children don’t go to school
HEALTHCARE
- available in Lagos unlike in rural areas
- floating school in Makoko provides healthcare for free
Opportunities in Lagos ECONOMIC (2)
GDP
- city generates quarter of Nigeria’s GDP
- 80% OF NIGERIAN INDUSTRY IN LAGOS
- main exporter of oil
EMPLOYMENT
- more jobs available
- possible to work in INFORMAL ECONOMY
- Eko Atlantic provides jobs
Pull factors of urban areas
Well paid jobs
Higher standard of living
Better education/healthcare
More jobs
Challenges of Lagos ECONOMIC (2)
UNEMPLOYMENT/ INFORMAL SECTOR
This type of employment compromises work done without official knowledge of government and therefore without paying taxes- poorly paid
- crime arises due to unemployment - trafficking, gangs take money from ppl
MANAGE URBAN GROWTH
- ppl forced to build homes on land they don’t own
- large gap between rich and poor
Lagos challenges SOCIAL (3)
PROVIDING WATER, SANITATION, ENERGY
- only wealthy have piped water - 14% of ppl
- Water could be contaminated by sewage
- households/ businesses rely on back up generators
CRIME
TRAFFIC CONGESTION - 40% of new cars are registered in Lagos
- air pollution is 5x higher than recommended
- can lead to respiratory diseases - lower life expectancy
RISING SEA LEVELS - Lagos is less than 2m above sea level
HOUSING - Makoko and Ajegunle provide housing , but 75% of families live in 1 room
What are squatter settlements and 2 main ones in Lagos? (3)
MAKOKO
AJEGUNLE
an area of poor quality housing lacking in amenities which develops spontaneously/illegally in a city of a low income country
What is the Olususun dump?
Huge landfill site near the heart of Lagos
- approx 500ppl work there sorting 3000 tonnes of waste every day
AD AND DIS of olusosun dump? (6)
AD : - rubbish turn to energy
- job opportunities reselling recycled goods
- save money buying recycled goods
DIS: - ppl sort 3000 tonnes of waste
- natural gas build up
- if dry can lead to fires
Where does lagos get its water from ? (4)
WATER TREATMENT PLANTS- extract river water to supply piped water
WELLS/ BOREHOLES - residents dig wells/sink boreholes to obtain groundwater from below water table
OPEN DRAINS - carry surface rainwater into rivers and the Lagoon
GROUNDWATER
Cause of Lagos water pollution? (3)
- lack of proper sewage system in city
- sewage is disposed of with rainwater through OPEN DRAINS
- carried into rivers and the Lagoon which also become polluted
Cause of flooding ? (4)
- coast location increases vulnerability of flooding
- flat low lying land
- heavy annual rainfall
- squatter settlements build without proper drainage
Impact of rising sea levels? (4)
- increase flooding
- groundwater can be contaminated with salt
- drains overflow
Problems with living in squatter settlements ? (4)
- densely populated due to shortage of land
- homes extend into water
- homes are made of unsteady materials
- lack of basic facilities/santitation
- spread of disease
- lack of proper water/power supply
Challenges for London ECONOMIC (3)
INEQUALITY : - rich get well paid jobs
- use private schools etc
- poor are vulnerable to gangs/crimes
URBAN DEPRIVATION : - huge areas of poverty
- gap between rich and poor is big
- lower life expectancy in deprived parts - difference of 12yr life expectancy in some areas
UNEMPLOYMENT: higher rate if unemployment
- migrants exploited /paid below min wage
Challenges for London SOCIAL (3)
SUL
SOCIAL DEPRIVATION : degree to which an individual/area is deprived of services, housing, adequate income and local employment
- 2 mill in poverty
LACK OF HOUSING : leads to controversial view whether to build on brownfield sites/extend into green belt (URBAN SPRAWL)
- only 20,000 new homes built per year but 100,000 ppl every year
URBAN SPRAWL
Challenges for London ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION : from vehicles/modern heating systems
- most of central London break EU limit of 40mg/m^3 for NO2
WASTE : - London waste goes to landfill sites outside London
- contributes t more methane in air
RECLAMATION - build on derelict, brownfield sites to keep up with pop growth
e.g Olympic park, however more waste as land needs to be cleared/demolished first
Impact of urban sprawl on rural-urban fringe? (3)
- increase traffic
- health issues
- housing issues
What are greenfield/Brown field sites ?
BROWNFIELD: areas of land that are previously developed which are often DERELICT NOW and have POTENTIAL for REDEVELOPMENT
GREENFIELD : areas of land that have not been built on
Why is there are shortage of homes in London (2)
- Population growth, not enough houses built
- House prices are too high due to increased demand
What is urban greening and how is London achieving it?
- increase the amount/proportion of green spaces within a city
- Create rooftop green spaces
- Making major new building projects take into consideration urban green spaces
- Offering huge range of green spaces to public
Why is it good to have green spaces? (5)
- trees produce oxugen
- vegetation reduces danger of flooding
- species given habitats/ food
- well being
- green spaces to grow food
why do ppl leave London ? (3)
- noise /crowds
- pollution
- high housing prices
- crime
- too much traffic
- exoensive
Why commuter towns are attractive? (4)
- better house prices
- rural idyll - happier, healthier
- less crime
- sense of community
IMPACT of migration in commuter towns? Social,economic,environemtal
SOCIAL : - increase population
- more facilities provides
- urbanism clashes with local values
ENVIRON : - more houses ->loss of green space
- more traffic -> more pollution
- improvements in housing fatades/gardens
ECONOMIC: - house price rise -> local can’t afford
- more shops/service stations to cater more expensive jeeds
Opportunities for London SOCIAL(2)
RECREATION/ENTERTAINMENT
- younger population - museums, the O2 , Wembley , art galleries
MULTICULTURAL
- celebrate diverse events
- ppl learn abt cultures
- less than 50% ppl in London are of white British origin - 300 langs spoken
- maintains high Q of L
Opportunities for London ECONOMIC(2)
EMPLOYMENT - economy consists of 96% service industry positions
- jobs range from pubs to high skilled finance jobs
- London fashion week gets over £100m orders
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS by providing more interchanges with underground
- population grows meaning need for more transport
- demand for public transport is to increase by 60% by 2050
- Boris bikes, London Heathrow
Opportunities for London ENVIRONMENTAL (1)
Urban greening
Why was the Olympic park (LONDON) in need of regeneration?(3)
- derelict land
- unemployment
-land was contaminated with chemicals - abandoned industrial sites
- poor transport - couldn’t work
Main features of regeneration program? (3)
- new sports venues
- athlete village is now RESIDENTIAL community - 2800 homes
- landscaped park with TOURIST attractions - 100 hectares
- clean soil /waterways
Features of sustainable urban living ? (3)
Water/energy conservation
Waste recycling
Creating green spaces
Why does Bristol need a sustainable urban transport strategy? (2)
- densely populated- transport is key
- thousands of daily journeys are made by car causing traffic
What are the sustainable transport strategies?
Cycle
MetroWest- rail service linking Bristol to other towns by reopening old railway lines
MetroBus - rapid transit buses improving Joyner times
Park and Rides
Charging points for electric vehicles
How is urban planning improving quality of life for the poor in LAGOS?
Floating communities
- Makoko floating school built in 2014
these provide:
- EDUCATION - host lessons for 60 children at a time
- HOUSING
- ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE - gnerate own energy by solar panels
- HELPS WITHSTAND RISING SEA LEVELS
Suggest reasons for inequality in education in urban areas? (4) LONDON use an example.
- de industrialisation leading to inner city decline - subsequent DEPRIVATION leading to poorer education
- OLYMPIC SITE is deprived area
- deprivation and urban change tend to cumulative - low employment/wages , poor health etc.
- wealth move to OUTSKIRTS acceding better health, jobs and education
Importance of London in the UK and internationally?(4)
- UK largest and wealthiest city
- one of two most important financial centres in world
- headquarters of international companies
- centre of culture, entertainment,tourism
What makes the East village a sustainable community?(4)
- TRANSPORT - bus services and trains connect to London Underground
- GREEN OPEN SPACE - 10 hectares of parkland
- HIGH DENSITY APARTMENTS- less heat is lost from these/energy efficient
- GREEN ROOFS - for wildlife
- HOUSING - low prices
- SHOPS/SERVICES - small independent businesses to keep economy local
- PUBLIC SERVICES - schools/health
ad/dis about building on brownfield sites (3)
AD: - Sites available
- reduces need for urban sprawl
- better public transport
DIS : - ground may be contaminated
- land is more expensive in urban areas
- old building will need to be demolished
ad/dis about building on greenfield sites? (5)
AD : land is cheaper in rural areas
no demolition/decontamination needed
DIS : public transport is worse in rural areas so more need for cars
increases urban sprawl
natural habitats are destroyed
what is the ‘Waterfront Regeneration Plan’?
alternative to demolition of Makoko
- encourages economic development
- preserve historical character
- build sustainablity
- at centre of plan , new NEIGHBORUHOOD HOTSPOTS - improve healthcare/meeting places
- also centres for waste collection –> generates power
explain why green spaces are important for sustainable living?
- Trees absorb CO2 and so act as a carbon sink helping to reduce carbon emissions.
- Trees and hedging help to absorb harmful pollutants - reduce illness and reduces the emissions circulating in the atmosphere.
- Green space, especially trees which create shade, will create pockets of cooler air, reducing urban heat levels.
- make cities more liveable and reduce stress amongst residents
how is air pollution/traffic managed in lagos ?
- improving the road and rail networks- The new light railway will reduce the amount of traffic and congestion along with reducing air pollution
- A Fourth Mainland Bridge along with improvements on 360 inner roads restored are due to begin in 2023
how is problem of employment being solved in Lagos?
Eko Atlantic development aims to provide skilled employment opportunities as a new CBD for the city
- Building it provides employment opportunities building roads, houses, offices and infrastructure to cope with 150,000 daily commuters and 250,000 residents
