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Geography topics > Water on the Land > Flashcards

Water on the Land Flashcards

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1
Q

Transpiration

A

Plants giving off water vapour

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2
Q

What is water running through soil called?

A

Percolation

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3
Q

Surface Runoff

A

Water running over the ground

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4
Q

What is meant by the Watershed?

A

The boundary dividing two drainage basins

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5
Q

What does the long profile show?

A

The long profile shows how the height and gradient of a river changes as it travels downstream.

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6
Q

What does the cross profile show?

A

How the river basin and bed change as the river travels downstream

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7
Q

How do the height and gradient of the river change as it moves downstream?

A

The height gets shorter, the gradient gets less steep

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8
Q

What are the four types of erosion?

A

Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action
Solution / corrosion

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9
Q

What is abrasion

A

Rocks in the river wear down the river bed

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10
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks being carried in the river smash into each other and break into smaller rocks

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11
Q

What is corrosion/solution?

A

Soluble particles are dissolved into the river

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12
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The force of the river against the bank and bed weakens and breaks it

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13
Q

What is lateral erosion and where is it found?

A

Lateral erosion is found in the lower course and it the river eroding outwards widthways and can lead to river migration

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14
Q

What is vertical erosion and where is it commonly found?

A

Vertical erosion is the downwards erosion of a river creating steep valley sides and often found in the upper course of the river. It is pulled down due to gravity

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15
Q

In what four ways is sediment transported in a river?

A

Solution
Suspension
Saltation
Traction

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16
Q

How is sediment carried through solution?

A

Minerals and sediment are DISSOLVED into the river and carried as a solution

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17
Q

What is suspension?

A

Fine, light material is carried along in the water

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18
Q

What process bounces small pebbles along the river bed?

A

Saltation

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19
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders and rocks are ROLLED along the river bed

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20
Q

What methods of transportation are common in the upper course?

A

Traction and Saltation

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21
Q

What methods of transportation are common in the middle course?

A

Suspension and solution

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22
Q

Where is sediment most commonly transported through suspension and solution?

A

The lower / middle course

23
Q

What landforms are created in the upper course and are they created due to erosion or deposition?

A

Waterfalls and gorges due to EROSION

24
Q

What landforms are commonly found in the middle course and how do they occur?

A

Meanders and oxbow lakes due to EROSION and DEPOSITION

25
Q

Where would you find landforms created by deposition?

A

In the lower course
eg
Levees / floodplains

26
Q

What is alluvium?

A

Clay, silt, and sand carried and deposited by the river in the lower course typically creating fertile land

27
Q

What is meant by helical flow?

A

Helical flow is the corkscrew flow of water in a meander that leads to the creation of a slipoff slope

28
Q

What does the difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge on a hydrograph represent?

A

The lag time

29
Q

What is the rising limb?

A

Where the river discharge is growing

30
Q

What is the falling limb?

A

Where the river discharge is falling, post peak discharge

31
Q

What factors affect a hyrdrograph (how quickly a river reaches peak discharge)

A 
Geology and soil
Gradient of valley sides
Land use
Amount of precipitation
Drainage density
32
Q

What factors affect the river discharge and lagtime?

A

Rainfall
Temperature
Gradient / relief of area
Rock type

Urbanisation
Deforestation

33
Q

What caused the Boscastle flash flood on March 16 2004?

A
  • Local area saturated by weeks of rainfall
  • High amount of rain in short time -> 15mm in 15mins
  • Impermeable rock reduced infiltration
  • Steep V- shaped valleys increased runoff
  • Confluence of 3 rivers
    ( Valency, Jordan, Paradise)
  • Carparks either side of river increased runoff
34
Q

What were the effects of the Boscastle flash flood on March 16 2004?

A
  • 3m wall of water destroyed infrastructure
  • Silt and debris left afterwords
  • Visitor centre collapsed
  • Tourism reduced affecting economy massively
  • £15mil in damage claims
35
Q

What were the short term responses to the Boscastle floods?

A
  • Flood warnings issued
  • Rapid evacuation
  • Fire brigades and police on scene within hour
  • RAF air craft save 150 people
  • Temporary accomodation on football pitch
  • Lifeboats rescue people from housing
36
Q

What were the long term responses to the Boscastle floods?

A
  • North Cornwall council ban residents returning home for first ten days to repairs can take place
  • Extensive clean up of silt and debris mean residents home within 6 months
  • Telephone, water, electricity, and gas supplies reinstalled within 6 months
  • Insurance and compensation awarded to homeowners
37
Q

Where is Pakistan?

A

Pakistan is in Asia bordered by India to the east and Afghanistan to the west

38
Q

What caused the Pakistan floods in 2010?

A
  • Heavy monsoon rain lead to saturated ground
  • High surface runoff due to steep gradient and impermeable rock on Himalaya mountains

River Indus broke banks on 9 August flooding the Swat Valley the worst

39
Q

What were the effects of the Pakistan floods?

A
  • 1600 dead
  • 14 million impacted
  • Sukker Barrage dam breached worsening flooding
  • Farmland ruined by silt deposition
  • The Swat Valley in the north was cut off
  • Dirty and contaminated water led to outbreaks of Typhoid and Cholera
40
Q

What were the responces to the Pakistan floods in august 2010?

A
  • Slow response cause death toll to rise
  • Reliance on international aid
  • Swat Valley cut off and aid had to be given by donkeys which took a long time
  • Taliban supplied aid in North to win over communities
  • Cholera epidemic
41
Q

What are the differences between hard and soft engineering?

A

Hard engineering structures are more expensive, effective, and offer the greatest change to the environment. Soft engineering is often more natural, cheaper, sustainable although not necessarily permanant

42
Q

What are examples of soft engineering?

A

Bank zoning
Tree planting for interception
Areas for rivers to deposit sediment

43
Q

What are examples of hard engineering?

A

Dams
River widening
River straightening
River walls

44
Q

Where is the three gorges dam, what is its purpose, and how much did it cost?

A

Location: Yangtze river, China
Purpose: - Reduce risk of flooding downstream from 1/10 to 1/100 (years)
- Produce power with 32 turbines / 18000 megawatts
Cost: $39 billion

45
Q

What have been the benefits of the Three Gorges Dam in China?

A
  • HEP produced for growing Chinese population

- Less flooding further down the river

46
Q

What have been the disadvantages of the Yangtze river?

A
  • 1.4 million relocated
  • 13 cities, 140 towns and 1300 villages upstream submerged
  • No compensation
  • Prevents deposition of alluvium, leading to infertile land
  • Most polluted reservoir on earth = 265billion gallons of raw sewage pumped in every year
47
Q

What is an example of river straightening?

A

Mississipi river USA

Pros:

  • Faster river
  • Water moves away from city more quickly

Cons:
- Further flooding downstream

48
Q

What is an example of afforestation?

A

Yellow river, China

Pros:

  • Planting trees increases interception
  • Increases lagtime
  • 20% increase in trees in last two years
  • Lessens impacts of floods
  • Provides habitats and employment

Cons:

  • Lessons impact but does not stop completely
  • Insurance for properties is high
49
Q

Why has water demand risen?

A
  • Rise in water intensive appliances (64-96%)
  • Cooking
  • Washing
  • Drinking
  • Toileting

in UK person uses 150l a day
in Africa person uses 48l a day

50
Q

Where are the areas of surplus in the UK?

A

In the South east (+west)

51
Q

How can water levels in an area of defecit be helped?

A

Kielder water reservoir in Northumberland is a water transfer scheme

52
Q

What are the negatives of Kielder water reservoir?

A
  • Cost £167 million

- Habitats, farmland, homes, and infrastructure all lost

53
Q

What are the postives of Kielder water reservoir?

A
  • Largest man made reservoir in Europe
  • Reliable supply of water to north east
  • Manages flow of River Tyne and so protects Newcastle from flooding
  • Free recreational activities
  • Provides water habitats
  • It is a conservation area

Geography topics (6 decks)

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