Population Flashcards
What model shows the stages of birth and death rates over time?
DTM
demographic transition model
In the DTM, does birth or death rate stay high for longer?
The birth rate
What factors affect birth rate?
Contraception, religious beliefs, emancipation / education of women, value of children for work, cost to raise, Average age at marriage, abortion
What factors affect death rate?
Increased food supplies, nutrition, ease of medical care and standard, improved sanitation and hygiene,safe water supplies.
Why is the world’s population growing so fast?
Advanced medical care lowers death rate, countries with high birth rate do not face infant mortality
Natural increase
What is natural increase?
birth rate - death rate
What is birth rate?
Amount of births per country/area per one thousand people per year
What is death rate?
Amount of deaths per country/area per one thousand people per year
Describe stage 2 in the DTM
High birth rate, slightly fluctuating / levels off
Rapidly decreasing death rate
Natural increase in population
eg Afghanistan
Better medicine reduces death rate
Describe stage 3 in the DTM
Rapid decline in birth rate
steady decline in death rate
Natural increase
eg : India, Colombia
Contraception reduces death rate
Describe stage 4 in the DTM
Low, fluctuating birth and death rate
Increasing population - slowing down / beginning to level off
eg Germany, UK
Good healthcare and contraception accessible to all
Describe stage 5 in the DTM
Population growth leveled, beginning to decline
Birth rate level
Death rate increase
eg France
Death rate increased due to ageing population
What is an ageing population and what problems can it cause?
- Increased elderly dependent s
- money needed for health instead of education for younger people
- scarce jobs
- less ICT literate
- Strain on NHS
What is a pro - natal policy or an anti natal policy?
A pro natal policy is put in place to encourage births whereas an anti natal policy discourages births.
How does France use a pro natal policy?
- Ageing population
- Aggressive pro-natal policy
- Three years of paid parental leave (Eco + soc)
- £675 monthly cash incentive for mother to stay off work
- Fully free education
12.9/ 1000 birth rate (higher than uk)
8.55/1000 death rate (lower than uk)
Education on unplanned pregnancy + emancipation of wmoen
What problems did the French pro natal policy cause?
Increase in unemployment due to women staying at home
Baby boom -> not enough economically active to care for them
Won’t be enough jobs in future
How effective is the French pro natal policy?
Increased number of babies
Benefited less well off as they could have a family and afford a home
Increased use of public transport
What are push factors of internal migration?
- Jobs (unemployment)
- Community
- Housing
- Politics of area
- having no friends
What are pull factors in internal migration?
- Job opportunities
- Fresh start
- accessible services
- community
- housing
What are the positives of EU migration?
- emancipation of women in origin country
- Added taxpayers
- more diverse culture
What are the negatives of EU migration?
- Brain drain in origin country
- segregation in communities
- strain on NHS
- Towns lose identity
How does china cope with its population growth?
One child policy
-implemented 1979
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How does china cope with its population growth?
One child policy
- implemented 1979 ( pop of 829 mil / 7.5 births per woman)
- now population growth reduced by 400 MILLION, 1.5 births per women
- Couples could not marry until late 20s
- only allowed one pregnancy
- 5-10% salary rise for obeying policy + priority housing, benefits, free education
- Only applied to han Chinese
How was the one child policy enforced?
- 10% salary cut
- 10 x salary fine if more than one pregnancy
- Older women in community keep regular checks on women to ensure contraception
What were the problems of one child policy?
- Breach of human rights?
- Forced abortions + sterilising
- LITTLE EMPEROR SYNDROME
- ageing population
- Gender skew towards males
Large scale infanticide / 114 males to 100 females leads to growing sex industry -> martial arts school put in place to keep young lonely men off the street and being violent
How has the policy changed and how effective has it been?
- Emancipation of women
- Rules relaxed
2013 -> two children allowed if parent is only child - China set to enter stage 5 of DTM
-reduced population growth by 400 million
What alternative population control police has been put in place in KERALA, india?
Rather than controlling birth rates - Kerala emphasises education to encourage later marriages and later births and therefore a less dense population
- Adult literacy rates 90%
- Career focused society ( + full emancipation of women)
- Free education for all
- Free birth control
- Everyone entitled to 8ha of land
What alternative population control police has been put in place in KERALA, india?
Rather than controlling birth rates - Kerala emphasises education to encourage later marriages and later births and therefore a less dense population
- Adult literacy rates 90%
- Career focused society ( + full emancipation of women)
- Free education for all
- Free birth control
- Everyone entitled to 8ha of land
- Higher life expectancy
What is a youthful population?
Caused by high birth rate mostly in LEDCS
can lead to:
- healthcare (eg immunisations) - EXPENSIVE
- education + resources - EXPENSIVE
- More children having children in the future -> strain on services
What are examples of pull factors to a destination country?
- Improved standard of living
- Better services
- Freedom from oppression
- Away from natural hazards
What are the pull factors of Polish economic migrants to the UK?
- Wages (5x larger than in Poland)
- Seasonal jobs such as fruit picking
- Work in education or medicine
What is the typical age of a Polish migrant?
From 20-40
Young males
What are the pull factors of retired Britons moving to Spain?
- Mediteranean climate
- Close to UK /ease of travel
- Slow and relaxed Spanish lifestyle
- Low tax rates
- Low living expenses
- Low house prices
What are the advantages of migration on the country o origin?
- Money sent home to families
- Less pressure on resources and jobs
- Bring skills back to countries
What are the disadvantages of migration on the country of origin?
- Loss of skilled workers
- Lower birth rate
What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration on the destination country?
+ Solves shortage in labour workeres
+ Increased cultural diversity
+ Contibute to the economy in taxes
- Public money spent on housin and healthcare
- Foreign contruction workers putting UK workers out of business
- Increased hostility towards immigrants
Why do people migrate from Senegal to Italy?
Forced migration
- Safety
- War
- Freedom from oppression
What is the ‘carte famille nombreuse’?
The large family card
Gives larger families a reduction on train fares and a 30% discount on all public transport for 3 children families
