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Geography topics > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

What model shows the stages of birth and death rates over time?

A

DTM

demographic transition model

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2
Q

In the DTM, does birth or death rate stay high for longer?

A

The birth rate

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3
Q

What factors affect birth rate?

A

Contraception, religious beliefs, emancipation / education of women, value of children for work, cost to raise, Average age at marriage, abortion

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4
Q

What factors affect death rate?

A

Increased food supplies, nutrition, ease of medical care and standard, improved sanitation and hygiene,safe water supplies.

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5
Q

Why is the world’s population growing so fast?

A

Advanced medical care lowers death rate, countries with high birth rate do not face infant mortality

Natural increase

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6
Q

What is natural increase?

A

birth rate - death rate

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7
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Amount of births per country/area per one thousand people per year

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8
Q

What is death rate?

A

Amount of deaths per country/area per one thousand people per year

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9
Q

Describe stage 2 in the DTM

A

High birth rate, slightly fluctuating / levels off
Rapidly decreasing death rate
Natural increase in population

eg Afghanistan

Better medicine reduces death rate

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10
Q

Describe stage 3 in the DTM

A

Rapid decline in birth rate
steady decline in death rate
Natural increase

eg : India, Colombia

Contraception reduces death rate

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11
Q

Describe stage 4 in the DTM

A

Low, fluctuating birth and death rate
Increasing population - slowing down / beginning to level off

eg Germany, UK

Good healthcare and contraception accessible to all

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12
Q

Describe stage 5 in the DTM

A

Population growth leveled, beginning to decline
Birth rate level
Death rate increase

eg France

Death rate increased due to ageing population

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13
Q

What is an ageing population and what problems can it cause?

A
  • Increased elderly dependent s
  • money needed for health instead of education for younger people
  • scarce jobs
  • less ICT literate
  • Strain on NHS
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14
Q

What is a pro - natal policy or an anti natal policy?

A

A pro natal policy is put in place to encourage births whereas an anti natal policy discourages births.

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15
Q

How does France use a pro natal policy?

A
  • Ageing population
  • Aggressive pro-natal policy
  • Three years of paid parental leave (Eco + soc)
  • £675 monthly cash incentive for mother to stay off work
  • Fully free education

12.9/ 1000 birth rate (higher than uk)
8.55/1000 death rate (lower than uk)
Education on unplanned pregnancy + emancipation of wmoen

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16
Q

What problems did the French pro natal policy cause?

A

Increase in unemployment due to women staying at home
Baby boom -> not enough economically active to care for them
Won’t be enough jobs in future

17
Q

How effective is the French pro natal policy?

A

Increased number of babies
Benefited less well off as they could have a family and afford a home
Increased use of public transport

18
Q

What are push factors of internal migration?

A
  • Jobs (unemployment)
  • Community
  • Housing
  • Politics of area
  • having no friends
19
Q

What are pull factors in internal migration?

A
  • Job opportunities
  • Fresh start
  • accessible services
  • community
  • housing
20
Q

What are the positives of EU migration?

A
  • emancipation of women in origin country
  • Added taxpayers
  • more diverse culture
21
Q

What are the negatives of EU migration?

A
  • Brain drain in origin country
  • segregation in communities
  • strain on NHS
  • Towns lose identity
22
Q

How does china cope with its population growth?

A

One child policy
-implemented 1979
-

23
Q

How does china cope with its population growth?

A

One child policy

  • implemented 1979 ( pop of 829 mil / 7.5 births per woman)
  • now population growth reduced by 400 MILLION, 1.5 births per women
  • Couples could not marry until late 20s
  • only allowed one pregnancy
  • 5-10% salary rise for obeying policy + priority housing, benefits, free education
  • Only applied to han Chinese
24
Q

How was the one child policy enforced?

A
  • 10% salary cut
  • 10 x salary fine if more than one pregnancy
  • Older women in community keep regular checks on women to ensure contraception
25
Q

What were the problems of one child policy?

A
  • Breach of human rights?
  • Forced abortions + sterilising
  • LITTLE EMPEROR SYNDROME
  • ageing population
  • Gender skew towards males

Large scale infanticide / 114 males to 100 females leads to growing sex industry -> martial arts school put in place to keep young lonely men off the street and being violent

26
Q

How has the policy changed and how effective has it been?

A
  • Emancipation of women
  • Rules relaxed
    2013 -> two children allowed if parent is only child
  • China set to enter stage 5 of DTM
    -reduced population growth by 400 million
27
Q

What alternative population control police has been put in place in KERALA, india?

A

Rather than controlling birth rates - Kerala emphasises education to encourage later marriages and later births and therefore a less dense population

  • Adult literacy rates 90%
  • Career focused society ( + full emancipation of women)
  • Free education for all
  • Free birth control
  • Everyone entitled to 8ha of land
28
Q

What alternative population control police has been put in place in KERALA, india?

A

Rather than controlling birth rates - Kerala emphasises education to encourage later marriages and later births and therefore a less dense population

  • Adult literacy rates 90%
  • Career focused society ( + full emancipation of women)
  • Free education for all
  • Free birth control
  • Everyone entitled to 8ha of land
  • Higher life expectancy
29
Q

What is a youthful population?

A

Caused by high birth rate mostly in LEDCS
can lead to:
- healthcare (eg immunisations) - EXPENSIVE
- education + resources - EXPENSIVE
- More children having children in the future -> strain on services

30
Q

What are examples of pull factors to a destination country?

A
  • Improved standard of living
  • Better services
  • Freedom from oppression
  • Away from natural hazards
31
Q

What are the pull factors of Polish economic migrants to the UK?

A
  • Wages (5x larger than in Poland)
  • Seasonal jobs such as fruit picking
  • Work in education or medicine
32
Q

What is the typical age of a Polish migrant?

A

From 20-40

Young males

33
Q

What are the pull factors of retired Britons moving to Spain?

A
  • Mediteranean climate
  • Close to UK /ease of travel
  • Slow and relaxed Spanish lifestyle
  • Low tax rates
  • Low living expenses
  • Low house prices
34
Q

What are the advantages of migration on the country o origin?

A
  • Money sent home to families
  • Less pressure on resources and jobs
  • Bring skills back to countries
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of migration on the country of origin?

A
  • Loss of skilled workers

- Lower birth rate

36
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of migration on the destination country?

A

+ Solves shortage in labour workeres
+ Increased cultural diversity
+ Contibute to the economy in taxes

  • Public money spent on housin and healthcare
  • Foreign contruction workers putting UK workers out of business
  • Increased hostility towards immigrants
37
Q

Why do people migrate from Senegal to Italy?

A

Forced migration

  • Safety
  • War
  • Freedom from oppression
38
Q

What is the ‘carte famille nombreuse’?

A

The large family card

Gives larger families a reduction on train fares and a 30% discount on all public transport for 3 children families

Geography topics (6 decks)

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