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Geography topics > Changing Urban Environments > Flashcards

Changing Urban Environments Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the CBD?

A

The central business district (eg Broadmead)

  • shopping
  • cinemas, clubs + restaurants
  • business headquarters
  • offices
  • multistory car parking
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2
Q

How is land used in the Inner City?

A

eg Stokes Croft
exciting but troubled area, declined over years, where workers used to live in victorian era
-small shops, cafes, and restaurants
-terraced housing
-brownfield sites and abandoned housing/buildings

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3
Q

How is land used in the suburbs?

A 
eg Westbury on Trym
Once villages that are now part of the city
-housing (detached + semi detached)
-convenience stores
- parks and gardens
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4
Q

How is land used in the Rural Urban Fringe?

A 
eg Abbots Leigh
used for leisure
-woodlands and fields
-large parks
-small villages
-housing (large detached)
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5
Q

What is an example of an Urban Land Use Model?

A

The Burgess Model

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6
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

An area of land unbuilt on, fresh

eg Cribbs causeway

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7
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

An area of land with buildings already on it that have to be knocked down in order to build more

eg Cabot circus

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8
Q

What is an example of a squatter settlement caused by rapid rural to urban migration?

A

Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

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9
Q

psd – Where is Kibera located it + size, population etc

A

Kibera is located in the southern edge of Kenya’s capital city Nairobi ( RURAL URBAN FRINGE )
It is North of the Ngong river, a flood prone area reducing the cost of the land
1 Million people in 1 mile squared ( 1 metre of floor space per resident)

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10
Q

Case study: Kibera

What are the negative effects of living in the squatter settlement?

A
  • Only 20% kibera has electricity
  • Scarce water, has to be paid for as well as toilets
  • Unsanitary open sewers -> rats, sewage, vermin, disease
  • one of highest HIV/AIDS rate in Africa
  • 50% unemployed
  • recreational drugs
  • High abortion rates
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11
Q

Case study: Kibera

How can the squatter settlement be improved with DIY schemes?

A
  • Stealing electricity

- Improving housing with scrap material found

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12
Q

Case study: Kibera

How can the squatter settlement be improved by Assisted self help schemes?

A
  • Film school provides residents with no education with physical and practical skills
  • Gym allows an opportunity of escape for residents both in training and in competing in world events, MUAY THAI BOXING, ANDRE LEENHEER
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13
Q

Case study: Kibera

How can the settlement be improved by site and service and relocation?

A
  • Kenya Slum upgrading project (KENSUP)
  • residents moved, their homes improved with plumping, electricy, and mains connection
  • residents pay monthly fee to encourage them to get work

-not sustainable due to sheer volume of people moving to slums

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14
Q

Case study: Kibera

How can the settlement benefit from international aid?

A
  • kibera UK sends young students from MEDCS to help slum upgrading
  • Comic relief raises awareness + funds

(not all funds go towards helping the area)

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15
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Countryside and rural areas converted to town and city

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16
Q

What environmental factors have lead to urbanisation?

A
  • Droughts causing water shortages
  • Better communications abroad such as phone signal
  • Access to raw materials
  • More sites available for development
17
Q

What social factors have lead to urbanisation?

A
  • Better education in cities
  • More shopping opportunities
  • Better infrastructure and healthcare
  • Isolation in community
18
Q

What economic factors have lead to urbanisation?

A
  • Mechanisation on agriculture
  • Better wages
  • More job opportunities
19
Q

How is housing an issue for city environments in Britain?

A
  • Increasing population by 7% since 1971
  • Households have risen by 30% (due to more people living alone and so requiring more houses)
  • Govt. wants to build 240,000 new homes per year (60% on brownfield sites)
  • People against building on greenfield sites though
20
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?

A

+ Improves ugly urban sites
+ Existing buildings can be split into multiple homes
+ Reduce urban sprawl and need for cars
+ Services already in place

  • Often in undesirable areas
  • Land needs clearing first
  • Land may be polluted due to previous use
21
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

+ Cheaper to build on
+ Can aquire large amounts of land for extensive projects
+ Attractive scenery

  • Less greenbelt for people to use for leisure
  • Roads and utilities will need to be built and serviced
  • Permanently destroys habitats
22
Q

How did the olympic park in Stratford, London help target inner city decline?

A
  • ODA spent £1.3 billion regenerating park and areas around it
    International quarter now includes:
  • Stratford station, fast efficient network (£100 million investment)
  • 4 million sqr ft of grade A office space
  • 350 homes
  • 15 000 new jobs
  • New schools and open play areas
  • ‘Urban wilds for plants etc
23
Q

Why has there been a rise in the use of cars?

A
  • Increasing demand for personal mobility

- 27% of households have more than one car

24
Q

Why is the increase in cars a problem?

A
  • Air and noise pollution form vehicles
  • Discoloured buildings
  • Health problems (eg Asthma)
  • UGLY
25
Q

What are the positive and negatives of London’s congestion zone charge?

A

CONGESTION ZONE AND FEE
+ Cuts down on pollution as people are persuaded to use public transport
+ Reduces traffic
+ Boosts economy for city

  • £8 a day is too expensive
  • Moves traffic problems to inner suburbs
  • Financially affects business and tourism
26
Q

How has Bristol become more sustainable?

A
  • Parking charges
  • Car shares
  • Alternative fuel for buses
  • Cycle paths
27
Q

What are the Advantages and disadvantages of Bristols p + r services?

A

+ Cheap parking
+ Reduces traffic and pollution
+ Encourages use of public transport
+ Generates income for city

  • Only certain routes available
  • Long waits for buses
  • Traffic around park and ride parking stations
  • Seats aren’t guaranteeed
28
Q

How does Bristol use alternative fuels to be more sustainable?

A

Hydrogen powered buses
Combustion of hydrogen releases nothing but water

However
Burning of fossil fuels takes place to extract hydrogen
Hydrogen filling stations are not common practice

29
Q

How do car sharing lanes benefit bristol?

A

Designated 2+ lanes incentise car sharing as it makes it quicker to travel in a car share due to less cars in that lane

30
Q

What factors can cause segregation?

A
  • Language barriers
  • Safety in numbers
  • Access to places of worship
31
Q

How has Leeds tackled segregation?

A
  • Listened to Ethnic communities
  • Improved English language taught in schools
  • Free access to community facilities for ethnic groups to help migrate them
32
Q

How have cities in the UK tackled segregation?

A
  • Training to young Roma to help find work (Manchester)
  • Elected council members have to complete course and training on racial awareness and equality (Cumbria)
  • Race equality scorecard moniters race equality in local councils accross a number of factors ( eg schooling, employment, health) ( Runnymead trust)
33
Q

How has Bristol combated CBD decline?

A
  • Broadmead business district (£11 million flagship project)
  • Cabot circus

Create a pleasant shopping experience and economic turnover

34
Q

Why did people favour out of city shopping areas?

A

Inner city areas were becoming crowded and declining in the 1960s - 80s
Out of city areas were classy and attractive

35
Q

What problems have been caused by rapid urbanisation and how are they attempting to be fixed?

A

Bangalore, India
Problem = e-waste burning harms people
Solution = Campaigns for TNCs to take more responcibility with their waste

Mexico City
Problem= 3 mil. cars a day through city causing respiratory problems
Solution = Even / odd, catalytic converters, Tight emissions testing on MOTs

Three gorges Dam, China
Problem = 265bil gallons of sewage, flooding of toxic waste sites
Solution = NOTHING!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Geography topics (6 decks)

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