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Geography topics > Restless earth > Flashcards

Restless earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner core?

A
  • Central + hottest
  • made from Iron and Nickel
  • Solid
  • 5500 degrees c
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the outer core?

A
  • Liquid surrounding inner core
  • Iron + Nickel
  • Similar temp to inner core ( slightly cooler?)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the mantle?

A
  • Widest section - diameter 2900km
  • semi molten rock called MAGMA
  • asthenosphere -> convection currents that move the plates
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the crust?

A
  • Outer layer made up of tectonic plates

- between 0-60 km thick

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5
Q

What is Oceanic crust?

A
  • Newer than continental (constructive pangea etc)
  • Less than 200 million years old
  • denser than continental
  • can be subducted
  • can be renewed + destroyed
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6
Q

Why are volcanoes found at destructive plate boundaries?

A

An oceanic plate and continental plate are forced together, the oceanic is subducted, it sinks below the continental plate the oceanic plate melts due to friction in the subduction zone. The crust becomes molten called magma. This may be forced to the surface of the earth causing a volcanic eruption

EG : Along the Nazca and South American plates

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7
Q

What makes plates move?

A

Convection currents in the asthenosphere

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8
Q

What plate boundaries do NOT have volcanoes?

A

Destructive Collision

Conservative

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9
Q

What plate boundaries DO have volcanoes?

A

Destructive Subduction

Constructive

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10
Q

What was the name of the super continent?

A

Pangea

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11
Q

Name all 8 Plates

A 
Eurasian
North American
South American
Nazca
Pacific
African
Indo-Australian
Antarctic
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12
Q

Which plate boundary has a subduction zone?

A

Destructive Subduction

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13
Q

Which plate boundary causes underwater volcanoes?

A

Constructive

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14
Q

Where are fold mountains found?

A

Destructive Subduction and destructive collision

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15
Q

Where are ocean trenches found?

A

Destructive subduction

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16
Q

How are ocean trenches formed?

A

When an oceanic plate is subducted, deep ocean trenches are formed right at the boundary where one plate is beneath another.
The deepest ocean trenches are found in oceanic-oceanic subduction

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17
Q

What are fold mountains?

A
  • Formed at destructive boundaries
  • The youngest (65 mil) are the tallest
  • The oldest have been worn down due to erosion

EG: himalayas, rockies, alps, andies

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18
Q

What are oceanic trenches?

A
  • Deepest parts of the earth
  • Found at destructive subduction boundaries

EG
Mariana trench on the pacific

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19
Q

What are oceanic trenches?

A
  • Deepest parts of the earth
  • Found at destructive subduction boundaries

EG

  • Mariana trench on the pacific (S) / mariana plate boundary ( oceanic - oceanic )
  • Challenger deep is lowest part at 11035 m below sea level
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20
Q

How do people use an are of Fold mountains?

A

Mining
Farming
HEP
Tourism

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21
Q

How were the Alps formed?

A
  • Fold Mountains
  • YOUNG (30-40 mil years ago)
  • Destructive collision boundary ( African v Eurasian)
  • Highest peak = MONT BLANC in France 4810m
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22
Q

Where are the Alps?

A

They form the border of France, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland

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23
Q

How do people MINE in the Alps?

A
  • The folding of sedimentary rocks allows precious metals, stones, and minerals to come to the surface
  • Thin soils and steep valleys mean that Metals and minerals are easily mined ( Gold deposits in Austria )
  • Use ADITS
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24
Q

What are Adits?

A

An adit is an underground mine that is horizontal, and so the mine can easily be entered, drained, and ventilated

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25
Q

How to people FARM in the Alps?

A
  • Mainly dairy farming
  • Traditional system -> TRANSHUMANCE
  • Now use VALLEY FARMING ( more sheltered, deeper soils)
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26
Q

What is transhumance?

A

Moving livestock in a seasonal rotation, eg sheltered lowlands in winter and high lands in summer

27
Q

How to people use the Alps for Hydro Electric Power?

A
  • The use of water to gain electricity
  • Steep valleys are easy to dam
  • Flow of water turns turbines
  • High rainfall, River discharge and melting glaciers all contribute
28
Q

How do people use the Alps for Tourism?

A

eg Chamonix, France / Livigno, Italy

  • Skiing - main
  • Money spent on improving Alpine infrastructure
  • Lake side resorts
  • Central location = steady stream of tourists
29
Q

Livigno, Italy

A
  • 115 km of ski slopes, 33 ski lifts, duty free shopping
  • Farm diversification (farmland -> ski slopes)
  • Skiing = 90% Of Livigno economy
  • Alpine Infrastructure to improve accessibility
  • Valley Farming
  • Controlled avalanche threat through avalanche gates and controlled avalanches
30
Q

What are the features of a volcano?

A
  • Dust / ash cloud
  • Crater
  • Pyroclastic flow
  • Main vent
  • Secondary vent
  • Magma chamber
    (Plate boundaries)
31
Q

What are the features of a composite volcano?

A
  • Andesitic lava (layers of)
  • Steep-sided
  • Tall
  • Violent / explosive eruptions
  • Andesite lava builds up slowly and gets stuck causing a dome that eventually explodes
  • Pyroclastic flow
32
Q

What are the features of a shield volcano?

A
  • Basaltic lava
  • Gentle sides
  • Flat
  • Non violent / explosive eruptions
  • Basaltic lava rises quickly and runs out unimpended
  • Over time lava builds up to form islands
33
Q

Where are composite volcanoes found?

A

Destructive plate boundaries

34
Q

Where are shield volcanoes found?

A

Constructive plate boundaries

35
Q

What is an example of a composite volcano?

A

Mt St Helens

36
Q

What is an example of a shield volcano?

A

Mauna Loa, Hawaii

37
Q

How is the explosivity of a volcano measured?

A

The V.E.I (volcanic explosivity index)
0-3 = basaltic
4-7= andesitic
8 = SUPERVOLCANO

38
Q

What geothermal activity attracts tourists to Yellowstone?

A
  • Geysers
  • Steam vents
  • Mud pots
  • Hot springs
39
Q

How big is the caldera of yellowstone?

A

1500 square miles

40
Q

How many times larger would a Yellow stone eruption be than the Mt St Helens eruption?

A

8000

41
Q

Where is the focus of the earthquake?

A

The point within the crust where the pressure is released

42
Q

What is the epicentre of the earthquake?

A

The area on the earths surface directly above the focus

43
Q

How does the depth of the focus affect the damage caused?

A

A shallow focus will be more destructive than a deep focus as the waves will still have a lot of energy as they reach the surface

44
Q

What are the three types of seismic waves?

A
  • P-Waves (primary) - Fastest, shake earth backwards and forwards
  • S-Waves (secondary) - Slower, move side to side
  • Surface waves - Destructive longitudinal and transverse waves moving up and down and side to side
45
Q

What are the two ways an earthquake is measured?

A

Mercalli scale
- Destruction 1-12 (subjective)

Richter scale
- 1-10, each 1 is ten times bigger than the one before

46
Q

What are the initial details of the Kobe Earthquake?

A

Date: January 17th 1995
Location: Kobe, South coast of Japan
Magnitude: 7.2
Cause: Philipine subducted by Eurasian plate triggered faultline running through Kobe CBD

47
Q

How long did the Kobe earthquake last?

A

20 seconds on solid rock

2 minutes on reclaimed land such as the harbour

48
Q

What were the PRIMARY effects of the Kobe earthquake 1995?

A
  • Over 6000 died
  • Many injuries
  • Hanshin expressway collapsed
  • Infrastructure destroyed
  • Older suburbs suffered pancaking -> due to typhoon proof rooves (heavy)
  • Liquefaction in Osaka bay
49
Q

What were the SECONDARY effects of the Kobe earthquake 1995?

A
  • Broken gas mains caused fires
  • Survivors in temporary accommodation suffered hypothermia due to cold temperatures in winter
  • 700 aftershocks in following days
  • Port out of action for 3 months reducing trade in area
  • Companies forced to close EG Mitsubishi
50
Q

Why did the expressway collapse so easily?

A

The Hanshin expressway was not built to regulations. It had only one pillar to hold it up and weak metal rods to it collapsed easily

51
Q

What were the immediate responses to the Kobe earthquake Jan 17th 1995?

A
  • Thermal imaging + sniffer dogs used to locate bodies
  • Powerful equipment lift debris from survivors
  • Effective medical services able to treat survivors quickly
  • 3000 army troops sent to Hanshin and surrounding suburbs
52
Q

What were the long term responses to the Kobe earthquake Jan 17th 1995?

A
  • Home insurance helps people to rebuild their homes
  • Stricter regulations put in place to stop collapsing
  • Shock absorbers, Steel rods, building spacing
  • Government funding
53
Q

What, where, when, and how did the Haiti earthquake take place?

A

Date: January 10th 2010
Location: Port au Prince, Haiti, Carribean
Magnititude: 7.0
Cause: Conservative -> Carribean + North american reactivated fault line running under Port au Prince

54
Q

What were the effects of the Port au Prince earthquake jan 10 2010?

A
  • c250,000 died
  • Violence,rape, social unrest followed
  • 1 in 3 buildings collapsed
  • 1 mil in temporary camps facing hypothermia + cholera
  • 4000 criminals escape broken prisons
  • Infrastructure destroyed
55
Q

What were the immediate responses to the Port au Prince earthquake jan 10 2010?

A
  • Port and airport inaccessible for 5/2 days so aid arrived SLOWLY
  • UN and NGOs help limited due to social unrest and fear
  • Only one ambulance for entire city
  • Only 130 survivors pulled from rubble
  • People left to look for survivors themselves
  • Dead bodies decomposing in the street
56
Q

What were the long term responses for the Port au Prince / Haiti earthquake jan 10 2010?

A
  • Poor country, government could not offer funding
  • City still not rebuilt up to 2 years later
  • Millions£ given to NGOs did not help survivors
  • Up to 1 mil people living in temp tents up to a year later, dying of cholera in hurricane season following winter
57
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A

Earthquakes on the sea floor
The worst tsunamis are created by megathrust 9.0 earthquakes at subductive boundaries that jolt upwards and trigger the wave

As they approach land, there is drawback as the sea is pulled into the wave
The seabed gets shallower and the bottom slows down but the top continues

58
Q

Where was the epicentre of the Sendai / Japan tsunami?

A

Just off the north east coast of Japan, close to Sendai

Measuring 9.0 on the richter scale

59
Q

Who are the Fukoshima 50?

A

Radiation leaks at the Fukoshima power plant on March 11 triggered by the earthquake
50 volunteers exposed themselves to this radiation to ensure it would not continue and have dramatically reduced their lifespans because of this

60
Q

What are the key facts of the Sendai earthquake / tsunami?

A

Date : 11 March 2011 @ 5:46
Magnitude: 9.0 (megathrust)

  • 10 metre high tsunami wave
  • fifth largest earthquake ever
  • Japan was well prepared for an earthquake, but not a tsunami
61
Q

What was the impact of the Sendai tsunami 11 March 2011?

A
  • Wave hit and destroyed ports along the coast
  • Fukoshima power plant shut down
  • Bridges collapsed and buildings fell down
  • Cars swept away
  • 15,000 people dead
  • 530,000 people displaced
  • 4,700 damaged houses
  • Power out to 4 million homes
62
Q

What were the immediate responses to the Sendai tsunami?

A
  • Tsunami warning issued 3 mins after earthquake
  • Japanese military forces sent in to help
  • Fighter jets sent in to check damage
  • Bank of Japan attempt to control drop in stock
  • Fukoshima 50 aid Fukoshima melt down
63
Q

How did the rest of the world help the effects of the Sendai tsunami?

A
  • Aid (dogs, blankets, food, military) from 91 countries
  • Charities ask for donations
  • 59 search and rescue experts + 2 dogs + 4 medics fly out with 11 tonnes of equipment
  • New age inventions, eg social media brings attention to event

Geography topics (6 decks)

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