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Geography > Water On Land > Flashcards

Water On Land Flashcards

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0
Q

Where a river enter the sea

A

Mouth

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1
Q

Where a river begins

A

Source

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2
Q

Small rivers that converge to make a larger river channel

A

Tributaries

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3
Q

Where a tributary joins a larger river channel

A

Confluence

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4
Q

The area of land drained by a single river system

A

Drainage basin

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5
Q

The edge of a drainage basin

A

Watershed

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6
Q

The entire length of river from source to mouth

A

River profile

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7
Q

A retreating waterfall creates a … In the rock

A

Gorge

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8
Q

A highly bendy river

A

Sinuous

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9
Q

An underwater current spirals down the river and carries the eroded material from the river cliff to the slip-off slope

A

Helicodial flow

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10
Q

The movement of sediment from one place to another

A

Transportation

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11
Q

The movement of large boulders on river bed

A

Traction

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12
Q

The bouncing of small boulders in the riverbed

A

Saltation

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13
Q

When sediment is carried in the body of water

A

Suspension

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14
Q

The sediment which is too heavy to be carried in the water and moves very very slowly

A

Bed load

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15
Q

Areas of hard, resistant rock that the river flows around - found in the upper course of the river (not to be confused with meanders)

A

Interlocking Spurs

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16
Q

Jagged sediment in rivers

A

Angular bed load

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17
Q

The rivers flow erodes the bed and banks

A

Hydraulic action

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18
Q

The action of acids and salts in river water corroding the bed and banks

A

Corrosion

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19
Q

The volume of water being carried in the river channel (measured in cumecs)

A

Discharge

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20
Q

The dumping of sediment due to energy in the water having significantly reduced.

A

Deposition

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21
Q

A bendy part of the Middle course in the river.

A

Meander

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22
Q

The sediment that is carried in the waters flow

A

Suspension load

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23
Q

When erosion breaks through a meander and creates an…

A

Oxbow lake

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24
Q

When rock and sediment rubs to get her to create finer rock

A

Abrasion

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25
Q

A dried up oxbow lake found in a floodplain

A

Meander scar

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26
Q

Vertical erosion in the upper course creates these narrow, steep sided valleys. The river cuts down, weathering and mass movement work on the valley sides - over time steep sides form

A

V shaped valleys

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27
Q

Case study for river straightening

A

Mississippi River, USA

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28
Q

The process of waterfall retreat.

A

1) the soft rock is undercut by erosion (hydraulic action/abrasion)
2) the overhanging hard rock collapses
3) a deep plunge pool develops where the soft rock used to be
4) the process keeps on going

29
Q

Levees sediment is deposited when a river…

A

Flood

30
Q

On a levee, the heavy sediment is…

And the light sediment is…

A

The heavy sediment is near to the river

The light sediment is further away

31
Q

When sediment is washed down from higher ground

A

Slope wash

32
Q

The gradual mass movement of soil down steep slopes

A

Soil creep

33
Q

Boscastle flood causes

A 
V shaped valley
Quick lag time
Impermeable surrounding geology
Confluence of rivers (valency, paradise, Jordan)
Large amounts of rain
Saturated soil
34
Q

Boscastle floods effects

A 
Lots of rubbish left lying around
People trapped in buildings
Flooding
3m high wave
Museum and visitor centre flooded
Homes devalued
Insurance substantially increased
Tourism reduced
£15 million in damage and claims
35
Q

Boscastle responses

A 
Helicopters sent out
Fire brigade sent out
TV and radio alerts
Flood warnings from environment agency
Rapid evacuation
Setup temporary accommodation at Boscastle F.C
Falmouth coast guard mobilised
36
Q

Amount of rainfall in Boscastle during flood

A

15mm in 15 minutes at Lensworth

37
Q

Boscastle killed … People

A

0 people

38
Q

Flashier hydrograph =

A

Quick discharge

39
Q

When rainfall is at its highest

A

Peak rainfall

40
Q

When river flow was reached its maximum

A

Peak discharge

41
Q

When the rivers flow begins to fall, after it has peaked

A

Falling limb

42
Q

Time between when rain is at its highest and when the river reaches its highest flow

A

Lag time

43
Q

The landform created when a meander in a river is eroded to create a cut off, dry section of river

A

Oxbow lake

44
Q

The area surrounding a river which is responsible for drainage

A

Drainage basin

45
Q

Boscastle is located in which county?

A

Cornwall

46
Q

Name of dam case study in Northumberland, UK

A

Kielder water dam

47
Q

Facts about the Kielder dam

A

Biggest man made dam in Europe, £167 million to make, part of a water transfer scheme

48
Q

Drawbacks of the Kielder dam

A

Habitats destroyed, farmland lost, people relocated, construction cost

49
Q

The name of the household utility responsible for the high demand of water

A

Power showers

50
Q

The average American citizen uses how many litres of water per day?

A

578 litres

51
Q

LEDCs usually use more water due to a higher … Industry

A

Agriculture

52
Q

The name of the dam in China

A

Three gorges dam

53
Q

Facts about Three Gorges Dam China

A 
Located on Yangtze River
1994 - 2012 to complete
$39 billion in cost
1.24 million people had to be relocated
101 metres tall
463,000 tonnes of steel used
263 billion gallons of sewage pumped into dam
13 cities lost
Less fertile land surrounding
Less flooding
No compensation for former people moved
54
Q

The probability of flooding in the Three Gorges Dam in China and the reduction from what it was before

A

Before 1/100

After 1/1000

55
Q

The use of man made/structural engineering to prevent flooding

A

Hard engineering

56
Q

The use of natural engineering to reduce the impacts of flooding

A

Soft engineering

57
Q

Name of the valley flooded in Pakistan

A

Swat valley

58
Q

The name of the river flooded in Pakistan during the flood of 2010

A

The Indus River

59
Q

One disease found in stagnant water

A

Cholera

60
Q

Amount effected by Pakistan flood

A

17 million people

61
Q

River straightening allows…

A

The river to flow faster through major towns and cities in the lower course of the river

Decreases chances of towns/cities flooding

Leads to a higher chance of flooding further down stream

62
Q

Name given to the planting of trees around a river bank

A

Afforestation

63
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A

Flood warnings, Environment agency evacuations to liable houses, messages to lay sandbags and other methods of flood protection to at risk areas

64
Q

Features of the upper course of a river

A

Narrow and shallow river

Large angular bed load (sharp edges on stones)

Steep valley sides (V shaped valleys)

Waterfalls and rapids

65
Q

Processes of the upper stages of a river

A

Vertical erosion

Traction and saltation (transporter)

66
Q

Processes of the Middle course of a river

A

Wider river channels (5-15 metres)

Deeper river channels

Smaller angular bed load

Meanders, oxbow lakes

67
Q

Features in the lower course of a river

A

Wider river channels (20m+)

Deeper river channels

Smaller/smoother bed load (suspended sediment)

Mouth of river formed

Flood plains, levees, estuaries, deltas

68
Q

Processes in the middle course of a river

A

Lateral erosion
transportation (more suspension and solution)
Deposition

69
Q

Processes in the lower course of a river

A

Lateral erosion
Transportation (suspension and solution)
Mostly deposition

Geography (7 decks)

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