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Geography > The Coastal Zone > Flashcards

The Coastal Zone Flashcards

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0
Q

Tuvalu is an island based on what?

A

Fossilised coral

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1
Q

Tuvalu’s highest point

A

4.5 metres

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2
Q

Tuvalu is located where?

A

Polynesia

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3
Q

IPCC’s predictions for global sea level rise

A
  1. 18 to 0.38 metres by 2100 (best)

0. 26 to 0.59 metres (worst)

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4
Q

The IPCC stands for what?

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

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5
Q

The three main reasons why sea levels are rising

A

Thermal expansion

Ice sheets and glaciers melting

Post glacial rebound

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6
Q

The four main land forms on a coastline’s headland

A

Caves, arches, stacks, stumps

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7
Q

The fancy name for the creation of bays

A

Embayment

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8
Q

This name is given to water when it batters the coast to form a bay

A

Wave attack

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9
Q

Formation of a bay:

A

1) soft rock is usually located in-between pieces of hard rock on a coast
2) soft rock erodes faster than hard rock.
3) when hydraulic action erodes the soft rock, it wears away. Whereas the hard rock on the headland does not erode as fast
4) the speed of erosion then exponentially grows
5) when the erosion happens for long enough, a bay is formed

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10
Q

What forms faults in rocks

A

Waves and geographical movement

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11
Q

What breaks into faults in rocks and creates caves?

A

Salty water breaks into the cracks on the headland and corrodes the stone. The stone then becomes unstable and is hydraulically removed by the sea.

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12
Q

A stump was originally what before it was weathered

A

A stack

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13
Q

A fault is basically…

A

A crack in a stone

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14
Q

When caves are eventually eroded through, they produce a what?

A

Arch

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15
Q

Formation of a wave cut platform

A

1) hydraulic action erodes bottom of cliff
2) cliff falls in mass movement
3) rock and sediment falls to seabed
4) sediment and rocks compress under the weight of the water
5) over time the sediment turns to rock
6) this is called a wave cut platform

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16
Q

This is the name for when water and stone abrades ( + hydraulic action) the coast leaving an indentation on the side of the cliff. It is usually located at the height of the waves after a wave cut platform

A

Wave cut notch

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17
Q

Land forms of deposition

A

Spits, bars, tombolos, beaches

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18
Q

When the earth takes in heat from the atmosphere and expands due to the sheer temperature

A

Thermal expansion

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19
Q

Longshore drift acts in the direct of…

A

The prevailing wind

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20
Q

Back wash always returns from the coast at what angle?

A

90 degrees

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21
Q

This is the name for the movement of water onto the coast

A

Swash

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22
Q

This the name for the returning of water to the sea from the coast after it has hit the shoreline

A

Back wash

23
Q

The formation of a spit

A

1) longshore drift transports sediment down coast
2) a change in shape of land means sediment is deposited away fro. The coast
3) a longer tongue of sediment build up, known as a spit. The end is then curled by the wind.
4) salt marshes are then formed in sheltered area of the bay

24
Q

An example of a spit in the UK

A

Hurst Castle, Hampshire

25
Q

An example of a bar in the UK

A

Slapton Sands, Devon

26
Q

An example of a tombolo in the UK

A

Chesil beach, Dorset

27
Q

Formation of a bar

A

1) longshore drift moved by prevailing wind
2) initially a spit will form
3) spit merges with the other side of the bay
4) effectively, a dammed area of water is created known as a lagoon

28
Q

Formation of a tombolo

A

1) longshore drift creates a spit
2) spit reaches out to island
3) sediment is deposited due to little energy
4) spit and island merge, creating a tombolo

29
Q

These are created when water loses energy behind a spit and deposits its contents

A

Salt marsh

30
Q

When the earth take in energy from the atmosphere and gets bigger, rising the water levels.

A

Thermal expansion

31
Q

Floodplains are usually used for…

A

Farming/agriculture

32
Q

Farming in flood plains has a bonus and drawback. Name them.

A

+ when a river floods it means nutrients and helpful sediment is deposited in the soil which helps plants grow

-when a river floods, it usually damages any current crops growing.

33
Q

The human caused reason why Tuvalu is in trouble

A

We cause global warming

34
Q

When salt water enters the land and leaves the soil in a bad condition.

A

Salt water intrusion

35
Q

Amount of Tuvaluan’s forced to migrate to New Zealand

A

4,000

36
Q

The highest tide Tuvalu recieves is getting higher but what amount ever year?

A

5mm every year

37
Q

Reactions to the possibility of Tuvalu submerging

A

+ Tuvalu Protocol
+ Planned evacuation for 10,000 people
+ Aid has been recieved from New Zealand

38
Q

The name of concrete pillars stretching out into the ocean to reduce longshore drift

A

Groynes

39
Q

This is created to buffer and absorb wave energy. This reduces the risk of flooding

A

Marshland

40
Q

These also buffer sand and reduce the wave energy but they involve incredibly a lot more sand

A

Dune regeneration

41
Q

The name given to the wave protection which involves large rocks being placed on the beach to reduce wave energy

A

Rock armour

42
Q

When homes are moved further inland and land turns to agricultural use to prevent flooding.

A

Managed retreat

43
Q

These deflect any waves and sediment from entering towns and villages across the coastline

A

Sea walls

44
Q

When a beach is artificially extended to absorb wave energy

A

Beach nourishment

45
Q

The name given to the problem when sand builds up even more after a beach groyne

A

Terminal groyne syndrome

46
Q

Name given to the strong winds and rain which erodes mud and rock on the coastal areas

A

Attack from above

47
Q

Cost of Lyme Regis’ redevelopment

A

£21 million

48
Q

Name given to the temporary ugliness of a redevelopment

A

Eye sore

49
Q

This was the approximate ratio of money spent to money gained in Lyme Regis after its redevelopment.

A

1:6 (spent:returned)

50
Q

This is the name of mud and soil being artificially attached to a harder surface underneath I.e. Limestone

A

Soil nailing

51
Q

How many piles have been inserted into the ground in Lyme Regis?

A

1,000

52
Q

Ways in which Lyme Regis has prevented shoreline erosion

A

Extended the Cobb (to shelter the bay)
2 groynes inserted (to prevent longshore drift)
Install rock armour (to break the waters energy)
Strengthen the sea wall (to make sure is can withhold a high energy storm)

53
Q

The name of the hard rock under the limestone in Lyme Regis which does not absorb water

A

Black Ven Marl

54
Q

Waves are formed by the…

A

Wind

55
Q

When waves reach a coastline, … Slows the bottom of the wave down and makes the surface topple over the bottom.

A

Friction slows the bottom of the wave down

56
Q

An island which is famous for large waves due to its volcanic origins leaving the location with a very steep ocean bed (depleting the time and distance for friction the slow the wave down)

A

Hawaii

Geography (7 decks)

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