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Geography > Restless Earth > Flashcards

Restless Earth Flashcards

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0
Q

Age of oceanic crusts

A

200 million years old

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1
Q

Age of continental crusts

A

1500 million years old

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2
Q

Properties of oceanic crusts

A

Denser, newer, younger, can be subduction, can be renewed and destroyed

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3
Q

Properties of continental crust

A

Older, less dense, cannot be subducted, cannot be renewed or destroyed

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4
Q

Oceanic plate subducts beneath continental plate

A

Destructive subduction

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5
Q

Two continental plates move together

A

Destructive collision

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6
Q

When plates move away and hot magma fills in the gaps between

A

Constructive

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7
Q

Two plates sliding along each other

A

Conservative

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8
Q

Where plates meet

A

Plate margins

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9
Q

The more explosive volcanoes in a cone shape

A

Composite volcanoes

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10
Q

Boob shaped volcanoes which are much less of a threat

A

Shield volcanoes

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11
Q

What melts the plate as it subducts underneath a continental plate?

A

Friction

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12
Q

What can usually be linked with destructive subduction margins when the plates rub together under the surface

A

Earthquakes

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13
Q

Usually next the a volcano on a destructive subduction margin

A

The sea

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14
Q

The name of the current which makes the hot magma rise

A

Convection current

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15
Q

Reason why magma rises

A

Gaseous rocks under the volcano, convection currents

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16
Q

An example of a destructive subduction boundary

A

Juan de Fuca plates subducts beneath North American plate

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17
Q

When the crust is nor created or destroyed

A

Conservative

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18
Q

An example of a conservative plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

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19
Q

Constructive plate boundaries are usually under…

A

Water

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20
Q

Constructive plate boundaries move

A

Apart

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21
Q

Over many years this may happen to constructive plate margins

A

Islands may break through the surface water

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22
Q

Shield volcanoes are usually created on a … boundary

A

Constructive

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23
Q

The name of the tectonic plates

A

North American, Nasca, South American, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Pacific

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24
Q

Structure of the earth

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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25
Q

Usual thickness of tectonic plates

A

0-60km thick

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26
Q

The Inner core is made from which two metals?

A

Iron and nickel

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27
Q

Name of a depression usually found on the oceans floor

A

Geosyncline

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28
Q

Size of young fold mountains

A

Taller

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29
Q

Size of older fold mountains

A

Smaller (after being eroded)

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30
Q

An example of fairly new fold mountains

A

Rocky Mountains (USA), Himalayas (Bhutan/Nepal), the Andes

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31
Q

How mountains are created

A

Destructive collision, destructive subduction

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32
Q

How Ocean trenches and fold mountains are made

A

Destructive subduction

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33
Q

How young fold mountains are made

A

1) rivers deposit sediment in the geosynclines
2) rivers sediment is then compressed
3) plates are forced together at destructive margins
4) sedimentary layers are forced upwards into fold mountains

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34
Q

Ocean trench example

A

Mariana Trench

35
Q

Age of the Alps

A

Approximately 40 million years old (fairly young)

36
Q

Highest peak in the Alps

A

Mont Blanc in France (4810 feet)

37
Q

Uses of fold mountains

A

Mining, farming, hydroelectric power, tourism

38
Q

Austria has a large amount of … Deposits in their mountains

A

Gold

39
Q

Type of mining where they cut into the Rock from the side

A

Drift mining

40
Q

Mining accesses…

A

Valuable minerals and materials

41
Q

Main type of farming in the Alps

A

Dairy farming

42
Q

When the farming moves his/her cattle due for the season and climate

A

Transhumance farming

43
Q

Seasons of transhumance farming

A

Winter = lower on the mountains/ valleys (due to the harsh climate at the peak i.e. Snow and rain

Summer = top of the mountain ( due to the snow have melted)

44
Q

V shaped valleys lead to good sites to make

A

Hydroelectric power stations

45
Q

Main source of tourism in the Alps

A

Skiing

46
Q

The water in dams spins a …

A

Turbine

47
Q

Team which monitor volcanoes world wide

A

USGS

48
Q

Eruption on the 18th May 1980 at 8:32AM

A

Mt St Helens, USA

49
Q

State of which Mt St Helens is located

A

Washington State

50
Q

Mt St Helens is a … Volcano

A

Composite

51
Q

Total damage of the Mt St Helens volcano

A

57 people killed, 250 homes destroyed, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railway broken

52
Q

Size of the exclusion zone which was ignored by the press at MSH

A

8km

53
Q

MSH earthquake reading on Richter scale

A

5.1

54
Q

Five ways of monitoring a volcano

A

COSPEC, tilt metres, seismographs, GPS, digital cameras

55
Q

The very top of the volcano

A

Caldera

56
Q

Bellow a caldera in a volcano lies the…

A

Magma chamber

57
Q

COSPEC uses what type of sensors to indicate when the eruption is about to occur

A

UV measures the amount of sulphur dioxide release

58
Q

Tilt metres detects

A

Lava domes

59
Q

Tilt metres are tiny and if they were 1km long they could record a change in level of…

A

1mm

60
Q

Digital cameras record the ash/dome…

A

Visually - which is safe and effective

61
Q

GPS uses … to detect earth movement

A

Satellites

62
Q

GPS systems also detect…

A

Heat

63
Q

How many GPS systems were installed in MSH?

A

12

64
Q

Seismographs detect…

A

Earth quakes around volcanoes which could contribute towards the eruption.

65
Q

Seismographs sends information to … To make…

A

Machines to make squiggly lines

66
Q

Type of magma released from a shield volcano

A

Basalt

67
Q

Type of magma released from a composite volcano

A

Andesite

68
Q

Capital of Haiti

A

Port Au Prince

69
Q

Strength of Haiti earthquake

A

7.0

70
Q

Reasons why so many people died

A
  • densely populated city
  • unprepared
  • building laws ignored
71
Q

Number of people who died in Haiti earthquake

A

A reported 250,000

72
Q

The fraction of buildings collapsed

A

1/3

73
Q

Number of inmates escaped after the Port Au Prince prison was broken

A

4000

74
Q

Secondary effects of Haiti earthquake

A

Cholera and typhoid spreaded

75
Q

Responses to Haiti earthquake

A
  • uncoordinated emergency services mobilised
  • people left to search for their own family and friends
  • country inaccessible for aid
  • hospitals overwhelmed by number of casualties
76
Q

Number of ambulances mobilised after Haiti earthquake

A

1

77
Q

Long term responses to the Haiti earthquake

A
  • 1.5 million people in temporary accommodation

- city not rebuilt fully

78
Q

Haiti is an example of an…

A

LEDC

79
Q

Earthquake example in an MEDC

A

Kobe, Japan

80
Q

Date of the Kobe earthquake

A

17th January 1995

81
Q

Strength of the Kobe earthquake

A

7.2

82
Q

Number of people who died in the Kobe earthquake

A

5,500

83
Q

Number of people injured in the Kobe earthquake

A

30,000

84
Q

Name of the bay which Kobe is located in

A

Osaka Bay

85
Q

Name of the motorway which collapsed in Kobe

A

The Hanshin Expressway

86
Q

Name of the fault in Kobe which lead to an earthquake

A

Nojima fault

Geography (7 decks)

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