Water cycle TEST

Question 1

what percent of water on earth is stored as freshwater

Answer 1

2.5%

Question 2

what percent of water on earth is stored in the oceans

Answer 2

96.5%

Question 3

what is a closed hydrological system

Answer 3

one where there is a fixed amount of water on the Earth and atmosphere system

Question 4

how long can water stay in the atmosphere as clouds for

Answer 4

10 days

Question 5

how much water does the Sun evaporate every day

Answer 5

1 trillion tonnes

Question 6

what are fluxes

Answer 6

how water is transferred between stores

Question 7

how much ocean evaporation is there

Answer 7

413km^3 x 10^3 /year

Question 8

how much ocean precipitation is there a year

Answer 8

373km^3 x 10^3 /year

Question 9

what are the two processes that drive the hydrological cycle

Answer 9

solar energy and gravitational potential energy

Question 10

how does the water budget limit the water available for consumption

Answer 10

through fossil water and cryosphere losses being non-renewable

Question 11

what are the three types of rainfall

Answer 11

frontal rainfall, convectional rainfall, orographic rainfall

Question 12

what is frontal rainfall

Answer 12

as air rises it cools and its ability to hold water vapour decreases, condensation occurs and clouds and rain form, this happens when warm and lighter air is forced to rise over cold, denser air

Question 13

what is convectional rainfall

Answer 13

if the air continues to rise the rain will fall. When the land becomes hot, the air above it becomes warmer, expands an rises, condensation occurs and clouds develop, as it rises, the air cools and its ability to hold water vapour decreases

Question 14

what is orographic rainfall

Answer 14

as the cloud forms, precipitation occurs, the leeward (downwind) slope receives relatively little rain, which is known as the rain shadow effect, when air is forced to rise over a barrier (such as a mountain), it cools and condenses

Question 15

what is the river basin/river catchment area

Answer 15

the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 16

what is watershed

Answer 16

the boundary of a drainage basin, this is usually a ridge of high land which divides and separates the water flowing different rivers

Question 17

what are the human factors that affect drainage basins

Answer 17

deforestation, changing land use and over abstraction

Question 18

between what years did the Tocantins river show increase discharge that coincided with increases rates of deforestation in the area

Answer 18

1960 and 1997, it showed a 25% increase in discharge

Question 19

which UK cities suffered floods in 2014

Answer 19

Winchester and Maidenhead

Question 20

what percent of London’s water comes from chalk aquifers

Answer 20

40%, the rest comes from the river Thames which is home to 13 million people

Question 21

how much of the Amazon forest has been deforested

Answer 21

20% over the past 50 years

Question 22

how much of the world’s rainforests does the Amazon contain

Answer 22

60%

Question 23

in a forest how much of intercepted water is returned by evapotranspiration to the atmosphere

Answer 23

75%

Question 24

water budget definition

Answer 24

a calculation of how much water there is in an area, it is important as it makes sure that people don’t die of dehydration

Question 25

how long is the Nile

Answer 25

6,000km

Question 26

how many countries does the Nile cross

Answer 26

9

Question 27

what are three examples of impermeable rock

Answer 27

slat, marble and granite

Question 28

what are three examples of permeable rock

Answer 28

sandstone, chalk and gravel

Question 29

what is the definition of a flood

Answer 29

when a river exceeds its banks full discharge

Question 30

example of snowmelt in the UK

Answer 30

Norfolk 2013, very mild and wet weather caused rapid thawing, which combined at the same time as heavy rain, causing local floods

Question 31

example of monsoon rainfall

Answer 31

occurs across South and Southeast Asia between May and September, for example, in July 2016 the Philippines experienced heavy monsoon rains leading to flooding, landslides and evacuations in villages northwest of the capital Manila

Question 32

storms and flash flooding example

Answer 32

intense, torrential storms are often associated with the UK during summer months, storms cause the capacity of the river to be overwhelmed quickly, for example in September 2016 flash flooding caused travel chaos as almost half a month’s worth of rain fell within hours in some places

Question 33

what are the human causes of flooding

Answer 33

over farming, mismanagement of rivers and changing land use

Question 34

example of mismanagement of a river causing flooding

Answer 34

2015, the River Greta in Keswick rose by 5.9 metres, breaching the raised riverbanks