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a level geography > Water cycle TEST > Flashcards

Water cycle TEST Flashcards

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1
Q

what percent of water on earth is stored as freshwater

A

2.5%

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2
Q

what percent of water on earth is stored in the oceans

A

96.5%

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3
Q

what is a closed hydrological system

A

one where there is a fixed amount of water on the Earth and atmosphere system

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4
Q

how long can water stay in the atmosphere as clouds for

A

10 days

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5
Q

how much water does the Sun evaporate every day

A

1 trillion tonnes

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6
Q

what are fluxes

A

how water is transferred between stores

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7
Q

how much ocean evaporation is there

A

413km^3 x 10^3 /year

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8
Q

how much ocean precipitation is there a year

A

373km^3 x 10^3 /year

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9
Q

what are the two processes that drive the hydrological cycle

A

solar energy and gravitational potential energy

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10
Q

how does the water budget limit the water available for consumption

A

through fossil water and cryosphere losses being non-renewable

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11
Q

what are the three types of rainfall

A

frontal rainfall, convectional rainfall, orographic rainfall

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12
Q

what is frontal rainfall

A

as air rises it cools and its ability to hold water vapour decreases, condensation occurs and clouds and rain form, this happens when warm and lighter air is forced to rise over cold, denser air

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13
Q

what is convectional rainfall

A

if the air continues to rise the rain will fall. When the land becomes hot, the air above it becomes warmer, expands an rises, condensation occurs and clouds develop, as it rises, the air cools and its ability to hold water vapour decreases

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14
Q

what is orographic rainfall

A

as the cloud forms, precipitation occurs, the leeward (downwind) slope receives relatively little rain, which is known as the rain shadow effect, when air is forced to rise over a barrier (such as a mountain), it cools and condenses

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15
Q

what is the river basin/river catchment area

A

the area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

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16
Q

what is watershed

A

the boundary of a drainage basin, this is usually a ridge of high land which divides and separates the water flowing different rivers

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17
Q

what are the human factors that affect drainage basins

A

deforestation, changing land use and over abstraction

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18
Q

between what years did the Tocantins river show increase discharge that coincided with increases rates of deforestation in the area

A

1960 and 1997, it showed a 25% increase in discharge

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19
Q

which UK cities suffered floods in 2014

A

Winchester and Maidenhead

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20
Q

what percent of London’s water comes from chalk aquifers

A

40%, the rest comes from the river Thames which is home to 13 million people

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21
Q

how much of the Amazon forest has been deforested

A

20% over the past 50 years

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22
Q

how much of the world’s rainforests does the Amazon contain

A

60%

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23
Q

in a forest how much of intercepted water is returned by evapotranspiration to the atmosphere

A

75%

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24
Q

water budget definition

A

a calculation of how much water there is in an area, it is important as it makes sure that people don’t die of dehydration

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25
Q

how long is the Nile

A

6,000km

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26
Q

how many countries does the Nile cross

A

9

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27
Q

what are three examples of impermeable rock

A

slat, marble and granite

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28
Q

what are three examples of permeable rock

A

sandstone, chalk and gravel

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29
Q

what is the definition of a flood

A

when a river exceeds its banks full discharge

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30
Q

example of snowmelt in the UK

A

Norfolk 2013, very mild and wet weather caused rapid thawing, which combined at the same time as heavy rain, causing local floods

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31
Q

example of monsoon rainfall

A

occurs across South and Southeast Asia between May and September, for example, in July 2016 the Philippines experienced heavy monsoon rains leading to flooding, landslides and evacuations in villages northwest of the capital Manila

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32
Q

storms and flash flooding example

A

intense, torrential storms are often associated with the UK during summer months, storms cause the capacity of the river to be overwhelmed quickly, for example in September 2016 flash flooding caused travel chaos as almost half a month’s worth of rain fell within hours in some places

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33
Q

what are the human causes of flooding

A

over farming, mismanagement of rivers and changing land use

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34
Q

example of mismanagement of a river causing flooding

A

2015, the River Greta in Keswick rose by 5.9 metres, breaching the raised riverbanks, there had been no dredging

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35
Q

what are the four different types of drought

A

meteorological, agricultural, hydrological drought, socio economic drought

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36
Q

what is meteorological drought

A

defined by shortfalls in precipitation because of short term variability within the longer term average overall, as shown in many semi-arid and arid regions such as the Sahel

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37
Q

what is agricultural drought

A

some farming practices such as overgrazing can accelerate the onset of this type of drought, Rainfall deficiency leads to deficiency of soil moisture and water availability which has a knock on effect on plant growth and reduces biomass

38
Q

what is hydrological drought

A

occurs when there are deficiencies in stream flow and groundwater levels, which decreases because of a reduced inputs of precipitation and high rates of evaporation

39
Q

what is socio economic drought

A

occurs when the water demand for social and economic purposes exceeds water availability. This could be a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply or the overuse of the available water supplies. It is different from the other types of drought as it is dependent upon spatial variations in supply and demand

40
Q

what is the ITCZ

A

Intertropical convergence zone, a belt of low atmospheric pressure located around the equator and moves North or South of it seasonally, high Sun intensity so high rates evaporation, in some world regions it causes a wet season when it arrives and a dry season when it leaves, sometimes the Hadley cell block the air masses preventing the arrival of the wet season causing drought

41
Q

what is atmospheric circulation

A

Hadley cell, Ferrell cell, Polar cell

42
Q

what are mid-latitude blocking anticyclones

A

high pressure systems that can block the movement of weather systems and cause extreme weather events, they bring stable weather with very little precipitation (often heatwaves), causing a drought in areas such as the UK which can persist for up to two weeks

43
Q

what is the El Nino effect

A

naturally occurring large mass of very warm seawater in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, warm water in the western Pacific is usually pushed by ocean currents and trade winds, however every 7 years these pushing forces weaken which allows the mass of warm water to move eastwards towards the West Coasts of central and South America, the mass of warm water brings higher evaporation and precipitation, while to cooler areas bring drier weather

44
Q

drought definition

A

a ‘shortfall’ or deficiency of water over an extended period of time

45
Q

what are the two drought case studies

A

Pantanal Wetland, South America and Pinon Pines, South-West USA

45
Q

what were the impacts of the 2014-2015 Pantanal Wetland drought

A

increased tree mortality and wildfires set by farmers that spread out of control

46
Q

What were the impacts of the 2000-2003 Pinon Pines drought

A

made the trees more susceptible to pine bark beetle attacks, in some areas more than 90% of the Pinons died

47
Q

in 2015 what percent of world’s people did not have reliable access to safe water and what percent lacked clean sanitation

A

15%, 25%

48
Q

what percent of the volume of water is available as fresh water for humans to use

A

2.5%

49
Q

water stress definition

A

water availability is between 1000-1700m^3 per person

50
Q

water scarcity definition

A

water availability is between 500-1000m^3 per person

51
Q

water security definition

A

sustainable access that is safeguarded and can sustain livelihoods and socio-economic development for ensuring protection against water borne pollution and water-related diseases

52
Q

what is saltwater encroachment

A

when freshwater underground is replaced by saltwater due to there being too much groundwater abstraction, accelerated by climate change

53
Q

what are the physical causes of water insecurity

A

climate, topography and distance from the sea, river regimes, geology

54
Q

what is an example of climate causing water insecurity

A

The Sahel region in Africa, seasonally 85% of mean annual rainfall is in the summer, annually there is a huge variability due to warm sea surface temperatures that weaken the West African monsoon and contributes to drought

55
Q

what is an example of topography and distance from the sea affecting water insecurity

A

the Himalayas where climate warming has led to widespread melting, diminishing the cryosphere and threatening water supplies of 500 million people in several countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and China

56
Q

what is an example of river regimes affecting water insecurity

A

the Amazon river has an average annual discharge of 175,000 cubic metres per second from its catchment of nearly 7 million km^2 shared by Brazil and six other South American countries, sever droughts in 2005 and 2010 had a huge impact on Brazil’s water supply

57
Q

what are human factors affecting water insecurity

A

quality and quantity

58
Q

what are the China examples of Quality affecting levels of water insecurity

A

in China 300 million people use contaminated water daily and 190 million suffer from water-related illnesses annually, one third of all the rivers are classed as highly polluted, 2 million people may suffer from water-related diseases including Guandong province where liver and digestive cancers were responsible for 90% of recent deaths

59
Q

what are the Bangladesh examples of quality affecting levels of water insecurity

A

nearly 20% of tube wells sunk in Bangladesh, often concentrated in particular villages, were found to be unsafe because of high concentrations of arsenic which can lead to major health problems such as cancer,

60
Q

what are the examples of quality affecting levels of water security

A

Agriculture is the human activity with the largest water use- 70% globally and 90% in developing countries, freshwater withdrawals for energy production account for 15% of the world’s total

60
Q

how many people worldwide have some signs of arsenic poisoning from drinking water

A

137 million in over 70 countries

61
Q

how many people around the world have no access to sanitation facilities

A

2.5 million

62
Q

what are the two flood case studies

A

Japan 2018, Nigeria 2012

63
Q

what caused the 2018 Japanese flood

A

successive heavy downpours in southwestern Japan

64
Q

how many people were advised or urged to evacuate in the Japan 2018 floods

A

8 million across 23 prefectures

65
Q

how many members of the Japan Self-Defence Force police and firefighters searched for the people trapped or injured

A

54,000

66
Q

how much rain were some areas hit by in the Japan 2018 floods

A

39 inches

67
Q

how many homes were without electricity in the Japan 2018 floods

A

11,200

68
Q

what was the total damage of the 2018 Japan floods

A

US$9.86 billion

69
Q

how many people were killed and displaced in the 2012 Nigeria floods

A

363 people, 2.1 million

70
Q

how many people in total were affected by the 2012 Nigeria floods

A

7 million

71
Q

why does Nigeria suffer floods

A

during its annual rainy season, which are sometimes lethal, especially in the overcrowded slums where drainage is poor or doesn’t exist

72
Q

how many health clinics and hospitals were destroyed

A

20 health clinics and 5 hospitals

73
Q

what is the water poverty index

A

a measurement of the degree of water-related poverty in a region, country or community, it has five measures that are resources, access, capacity, use and environment

73
Q

what are examples of potential conflict over water

A

The Great Ruaha River Tanzania and the River Nile

74
Q

what is the name of the dam in the River Nile that opened in 1902

A

Aswan Low Dam

75
Q

how much electricity will the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam produce once built

A

16,000 GW a year

75
Q

what percent of Egypt’s freshwater comes from the Nile

A

97%

76
Q

what are the impacts of filling the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam downstream

A

increased famine and thirst in Egypt and less water for agriculture

77
Q

how many jobs will the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam provide

A

250 million

78
Q

what is the example of a desalination plant

A

Veolia (France)

79
Q

what are examples of sustainable management of water

A

rain water harvesting jars Kitayita village in Ethiopia, sustainable water management schemes in Singapore, Smart irrigation in China and Australia

80
Q

what are the capacity of the rainwater harvesting jars

A

1,500 litres

81
Q

what are the positives of the rain water harvesting jars

A

long life and made of locally available materials, close to home so remove the need for long distances to be travelled to get water

82
Q

how much rainfall does Singapore receive a year

A

2,400mm per year

83
Q

how does Singapore sustainably manage its water

A

collects rainwater through a network of drains, canals, rivers and reservoirs before it is treated, imports water from Malaysia, high grade recycled water

84
Q

what is smart irrigation

A

provides crops with a suboptimal water supply causing mild stress during crop growth stages that are less sensitive to moisture deficiency, conserves water without a significant reduction in yield, increases water productivity by 60%

85
Q

how much will China’s South-North Transfer project cost

A

US$100 billion

86
Q

how long will the three canals in China’s South-North Transfer project be

A

1300km

87
Q

how much water will China’s South-North transfer project transfer

A

44.8 billion cubic metres per year

a level geography (15 decks)

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