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Geography: Case Studies > Water Cycle > Flashcards

Water Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is an example destruction of a rainforests impacting the water cycle ?

A

The Amazon rainforest

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2
Q

What percentage of the Amazon rainforest has been lost ?

A

Over 20% of the forest has been destroyed

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3
Q

What are the impacts of the deforestation of the Amazon on the water cycle ?

A

75% EVT would reduce to 25%
Increased Run-off = Flooding & Mudslides
Less infiltration = No recharging aquifers
Overland flow = Soil erosion

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4
Q

Where is an example of Drought impacted by both physical and human aspects ?

A

The Sahel region of Africa

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5
Q

What is the climate of the Sahel ?

A

Drought sensitive with annual rainfall concentrated within the summer. Varying between 100mm and 800mm on southern margins

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6
Q

How have the impacts of droughts been increased ?

A

Through socio-economic conditions,
E.g Overgrazing, Environmental degradation, deforestation and poverty

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7
Q

Desertification

A

Land degradation in arid regions resulting in climate variations and human activities

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8
Q

Where is an example of Flooding

A

England and Wales 2007

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9
Q

What was the rainfall in the UK floods ?

A

in July 387mm of rain fell double to average of 186mm

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10
Q

What river was impacted the most by the flooding in the UK ?

A

River Severn

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11
Q

What happened along river Severn ?

A

Worcesters river levels were 4.5m above normal
Tewkesbury had homes flooded, power supplies damaged and water supplies cut off

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12
Q

Where is an example of salt water encroachment ?

A

The Maldives due to rising sea levels and increased storms

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13
Q

Where is an example of Over abstraction ?

A

The Sonoran desert in Arizona has experienced over-abstraction as water is taken for irrigation and urbanisation

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14
Q

Where is an example of Water contamination ?

A

Hinkley, California

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15
Q

What contaminated ground water in Hinkley
?

A

Pacific Gas and Electric Company dumped about 370 million gallons of chromium-tainted wastewater into ponds

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16
Q

What is an example of large irrigation scheme causing problems ?

A

The Aral Sea

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17
Q

Where is the Aral Sea ?

A

The Aral sea is located in the continent of Asia. It is a transboundary lake, with one half in Kazakhstan and the other in Uzbekistan.

18
Q

Why is the Aral Sea shrinking ?

A

Soviet government decided that the two rivers that fed the Aral Sea, would be diverted in order to irrigate the desert, in an attempt to grow rice and cotton.

19
Q

How much has the Aral Sea declined ?

A

By 2007 the sea has declined to just 10% of its original size.

20
Q

What are the economical impacts of the Aral Sea shrinking ?

A

. The fishing community of 60,000 people has collapse
. Salt was blown onto the surrounding area. Camels therefore died because the grass they were consuming was too salty.

21
Q

What are the social impacts of the Aral Sea shrinking ?

A

. Drinking water supplies have are low, with the water being contaminated with pesticides and other agricultural chemicals.
. Respiratory illnesses are common in the region now due to dust containing highly toxic chemicals and fertilisers blowing from the dried sea.
. 10% infants die before 1 year old

22
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the Aral Sea shrinking ?

A

Only 32 of the 70 mammal species and very few of the 24 fish species remain due to increasing temperatures

23
Q

What has been done to save the Aral Sea ?

A

Kazakhstan built a dam between the northern and southern which separates the two water bodies and prevents flow out of the North Aral into the lower-elevation South Aral.

24
Q

What is a example of a trans boundary water conflict ?

A

The Nile

25
Q

How many countries complete for water along the Nile ?

A

11

26
Q

What Dam was built in the 1960 along the Nile ?

A

Aswan High Dam, Egypt

27
Q

Why was the Aswan high dam built ?

A

Increase the amount of hydroelectric power, regulate the flooding of the Nile and increase agricultural production.

28
Q

What has caused conflict along the Nile ?

A

dams and barrages built in Sudan and Ethiopia that deprive downstream Egypt of its fair share of Nile water.

29
Q

What is the dam in Ethiopia called ?

A

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd)

30
Q

How will the Gerd dam impact Egypt ?

A

lose its annual allocation of water from Blue Nile, which could cause electricity shortage and crop failure leading to economic distress in Egypt.

31
Q

What is the Nile Basin Initiative ?

A

partnership among the Nile riparian states that “seeks to develop the river in a cooperative manner, share substantial socioeconomic benefits, and promote regional peace and security”.

32
Q

How many of the countries are in the NBI ?

A

10 countries along the Nile

33
Q

What have member of the NBI signed ?

A

In 2010, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda signed a water treaty stating that all riparians have equal rights to use the Niles water.

34
Q

What is an example of a transfer project ?

A

Chinas South-North transfer project

35
Q

Why is the China south-north transfer project needed ?

A

South is rich in water resources but the north is not

36
Q

How will the water be transferred to the North ?

A

Through three canals which link to four major rivers

37
Q

How much water will be transferred a year ?

A

It will transfer a total 44.8 billion cubic metres annually

38
Q

Impacts of the South-North transfer project ?

A

Resettlement issues and the worsening of the water project

39
Q

What is an example of Sustainable water management ?

A

Singapore

40
Q

What does Singapore do to be more sustainable ?

A

Collect every drop of water: the government has various ways of encouraging citizens to use water prudently.
Re-use water endlessly: Singapore is at the cutting edge of new technologies to re-use grey water
Desalinate more seawater: two desalination plants now meet 25% of the water demand.

41
Q

How has the domestic water consumption fallen ?

A

Since 2003, per capita domestic water consumption has fallen from 165 litres per day to 150 litres per day.

Geography: Case Studies (14 decks)

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