Tectonics Flashcards
What is an example of Hotspot volcanoes?
The Hawaiian Islands and the chain of seamounts
What is an example of liquefaction?
Tohoku, Japan 2011
tilts up to 60 degrees
What is an example of a landslide ?
Kali Gandaki river, Nepal 2015
buried village Baisari
What is an Example of a Tsunami?
2004 Boxing day tsunami, Indonesia
What is an example of Tephra ?
Mount Merapi, Indonesia 2010
What is an example of Volcanic gases ?
Lake Nyos, Cameroon 1986
What is an example of Pyroclastic flow ?
Pompeii, Italy 79 A.D
What is an example of Lahar ?
Nevada del ruiz, Colombia 1985
Killed 20,000
What is an example of Jokulhlaups ?
Jökulhlaups from Eyjafjallajökull in 2010
When and Where was the Bam earthquake?
January 2003 in Bam, southern Iran
What was the magnitude of the Bam earthquake?
6.6
How many people were killed in the Bam earthquake?
26,000
What were the reasons for the high impacts in the Bam earthquake?
. Shallow 7km
. occurred 5.26 am (asleep)
. Seismic wave directly under city
. Building vulnerable due to age
. Cold winter temperatures
. Hospitals destroyed
When did the Nepal earthquake occur ?
25 April 2015
What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?
7.8
What were the social impacts of Nepal earthquake?
. 9000 lost
. 20,000 injured
. Half million houses collapsed
why is Nepal vulnerable ?
. Nepal is a multiple hazard zone (Landslides and floods)
. Low development, equipment out of date (compared to Bam)
. Nepal population are poor, people build there own homes (no building codes)
When and where did the Kumamoto earthquake happen ?
Apirl 2016, Kumamoto, Japan
What was the magnitude of Kumamoto earthquake?
Main shock magnitude 7.3 and foreshock of 6.5 few hours earlier
What was the estimated cost of Kumamoto ?
$5.5 - 7.5 billion
How has Japan increased resilience?
They have enforced seismic building codes. Building should resist 7.5 earthquakes.
However this is the assumption there is only one shake not multiple (like Kumamoto)
When and where was the Eyjafjallajokull volcano ?
March 2010, Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland
What did the Eyjafjallajokull cause ?
Ash plume generated by the eruption affected Europe grounding flights over serval days. 100,000 air journeys cancelled.
No direct deaths
What were the impacts that Eyjafjallajokull had on the supply chain ?
Car manufacturing was disrupted. The Nissan plant in Japan had to stop production due running out of critical sensors produced in Ireland.
When and where was the Tohoku earthquake ?
March 2011, Tohoku, Japan
What was the magnitude of the earthquake that caused the tsunami in Tohoku ?
9.0
What impacts did the Tohoku tsunami have ?
. Flooded the Fukushima nuclear power plant
. 15,749 dead
What did the flooding of the Fukushima power plant cause ?
radioactive release contaminating water.
Natural gas prices also increased due to Japan’s rise in demand.
What is an example of Modifying earthquakes ?
Japan: despite being highly prone to earthquakes, has invested heavily in earthquake-resistant buildings that absorb seismic energy.
What is an example of Modifying tsunamis ?
Japan: 40% of Japan’s coastline has sea walls of up to 10m high to withstand incoming tsunami waves
What is an example of Modifying Volcanoes ?
Island of Heimaey off the coast of Iceland (1973): Lava flow was heading towards the fishing port which if lost would lead to financial ruin. Icelanders sprayed seawater on lava to slow the movement by chilling saving the port.
What is an example of modifying venerability and resilience of earthquakes ?
The NIED deployed 1000 strong motion accelerometers throughout Japan Called the Kyoshin Network or K-NET that waves are measured allowing time for emergency management.
What is an example of modifying venerability and resilience of Tsunamis ?
Japans TWS
J-Alert: A satellite based system that allows authorities to quickly broadcast alerts
What is an example of aid being given in response to a natural disaster ?
Hati: The European Council and its member nations later announced more than €429 million in emergency humanitarian aid, rehabilitation aid and medium-to long-term reconstruction aid.
