Regeneration COPY Flashcards
Types of economies, functions of places and regeneration methods and successes
Primary economic activity
Involves collecting raw materials
Examples: farming, mining, cutting down wood
Case Study: Finland’s pulp (used to make paper) industry produces 17bn Euros a year
Secondary economic activity
Involves turning raw materials into sellable products
Examples: paper manufacturing, factories
Case Study: James Cropper in the Lake District produces paper from the raw pulp
Tertiary economic activity
Involves providing services to other people in the economy
Examples: taxi driver, doctors, restaurants
Quaternary economic activity
Involves IT software and scientific research and development
% of people in the UK who work in the tertiary sector
over 80%
Why do many firms choose to locate near good universities like Oxford and Cambridge?
Access to many talented workers who have recently graduated
What are zero hour contracts?
The worker does not get any guaranteed work in their contract and has the potential to work between 0-40 hours a week
Two ways to measure health
- Morbidity - degree of ill health
- Longevity - life expectancy
What is a food desert?
An area with limited access to supermarkets and fresh produce so tend to eat more unhealthy food.
What is the USA’s worst food desert?
New Orleans
A very high percentage of the population lives in poverty
Many grocery stores were destroyed and not replaced after Hurricane Katrina
How does life expectancy differ regionally throughout the UK?
People in the South (particularly near London) had the highest life expectancy in the UK
6 years higher in Harrow (London) than Glasgow
Life expectancy in the UK as of 2018
77 years for men
82 years for women
Key factors that determine life expectancy
- Gender (women live longer than men)
- Income (people with higher incomes live longer)
- Education (better educated = higher life expectancy)
- Access to healthcare
- Lifestyle choices (smoking, diet)
Difference between Grammar School and Private School?
Private school - Parents pay to attend
Grammar schools - Students pass an entry test to get in
Demographic with the worst educational achievement in the UK
Working class and white
Relationship between income levels and GCSE results
In areas with a higher income, GCSE results tend to be higher
Difference in GCSE results between boys and girls
Girls tend to get better GCSE results than boys
Difference between income and wealth
Income - Someone’s yearly earnings
Wealth - Includes things like property and shares
What is the ‘trickle down effect’
The idea that income from the richest will ‘trickle down’ to the poorest in society.
This does not happen if the rich save their wealth.
What is a composite index?
An index with many factors, each of which are weighted differently
7 variables measured in the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
- Income
- Employment
- Health deprivation or disability
- Education and training
- Crime
- Access to housing
- Local environment
Why do students from wealthier backgrounds usually get better GCSE results?
- Their parents can afford private tutoring
- Better home environment for them to learn in (e.g. less likely to share rooms with siblings)
By how much did the number of people visiting food banks in the UK rise by in 2018?
13%
What is the ‘function’ of a place?
The main reason why a settlement was built or continues to exist.
4 main functions of places
- Retail (shops)
- Administrative (government)
- Commercial (offices)
- Industrial (factories)
Areas in London that have/are experiencing gentrification
Shoreditch, Brixton, Elephant and Castle
What is gentrification?
When an area recieves and investment and improves, however, this pushes out low-income residents in favour of more affluent ones
Are people older in urban or rural areas?
Generally residents are older in rural places
Example of an area with a large immigrant population
Brixton
How can planning restrictions change a place?
Councils can manage where and how buildings are built. An example is in London, where buildings cannot block the view of St. Paul’s Cathedral.
What are clone high streets?
High streets that are very similar everywhere in the country with chain stores like Greggs and New Look.
How can transport change a place?
Better transport links encourage more people to move to an area and likely house prices will go up.
How is technology changing places?
With more people able to work from home, it is likely companies will want smaller office spaces.
Internet shopping is causing many high street stores to close as people can get their products online (e.g. Topshop)
How can change in places be measured?
- Looking at old maps and comparing land use
- Demographic changes
- Employment changes
- Levels of deprivation over time
How can politics affect a place?
They decide how the economy, and therefore industry is run. An example is under Thatcher the mining industry was nationalised, causing many places to lose their employment, making the town poorer.
Example of London commuter town?
Sevenoaks
Location of Middlesbrough
North-east England
Coastal
Near Newcastle
Location of Nottingham
East Midlands [of England]
Near cities like Sheffield and Birmingham
Central
What companies are based in Nottingham?
- Capital One
- Boots
- Experian
- Deloitte
- eOn
What company left Middlesbrough?
SSI Steel Works in 2015
Around 3,200 jobs lost
How does Nottingham University have international links?
They have campuses in Malaysia and China
Racial makeup of Middlesbrough v. Nottingham
Middlesbrough: 88% white
Nottingham: 65% white
This shows Nottingham has had more economic migrants
How did the EU invest in Nottingham?
They invested in the regeneration of Sneinton Market
How is Middlesbrough isolated from other places
- Not on a major motorway
- Long distance from London
- Not a main trainline
How did the EU invest in Middlesbrough
They recieved £9m from the ERDF (European Development Fund) to go to businesses in the Tees Valley
What science sector is big in Nottingham?
Bioscience
Average house price of Nottingham v. Middlesbrough
Nottingham: £237k
Middlesbrough: £160k
How is education poor in Middlesbrough?
- 1 in 3 schools require improvement
- 22.5% have no education qualifications
How is health poor in Nottingham?
- They have a higher than average rate of long-term disability
- Life expectancy roughly 2 years lower than national average
How is health poor in Middlesbrough?
Life expectancy roughly 3 years lower than national average
How do Nottingham and Middlesbrough compare in terms of deprivation?
Nottingham - 11th most deprived
Middlesbrough - 8th most deprived
Both have lots of deprivation, Nottingham slightly less
How is education poor in Nottingham?
Higher than average number of people have no qualifications
How has Nottingham regenerated its old industrial buildings?
The historical buildings relating to the textile industry have been repurposed as high quality apartments
How many uni students in Nottingham?
45,000
How have the populations changed in Nottingham and Middlesbrough?
Nottingham - population increase of around 4,000 a year
Middlesbrough - population decreased 8,000 in 20 years
Unemployment in Middlesbrough
14% - twice national average
What is the environment like in Middlesbrough?
- Lots of industrial buildings remain abandoned and lots of brownfield sites
- Whole streets boarded up
- Problems with fly tipping
Example of Nottingham regenerating a brownfield site
Cornerhouse built in 2001 on former brownfield site
Now 750 staff
Environmental advantages and disadvantages of Nottingham
Advantages:
- St. Anns largest allotment in Europe
- Best public transport network in the UK
Disadvantages:
- Commuter towns like Ruddington have increased road congestion
What is the current UK target for net migration?
100,000 a year
What is net migration?
Net migration = number of immigrants - number of emigrants
(i.e. more people arrive than leave)
What is the Schengen Area?
A part of the EU where migrants can move freely without needing a passport. However, the UK was never part of this.
What are some positive economic effects of migration?
- Fill skill shortages such as NHS doctors or farming labourers
- Most migrants are young adults who will work and pay tax (instead of claiming a pension)
- Many migrants are students who may stay in the country and contribute to important research
What are some negative economic effects of migration?
- Some argue they put pressure on local services like schools and housing
- European migrants may replace jobs that could be filled by someone British (although most economists think this is bollocks)
What is deregulation?
Giving banks more freedom
When did deregulation happen in the UK?
Margaret Thatcher deregulated many financial services in 1986
How has deregulation impacted the UK?
+ High amount of FDI comes into the UK, particularly in London
- The 2008 financial crash was linked to a failure to regulate banks
Examples of companies based in the City of London
GLG (hedge fund)
Blackrock (asset manager)
Bank of America
Examples of companies based in Canary Wharf
Barclays
JP Morgan
What industry does the UK ‘specialise’ in?
Banks and financial services (mostly in London)
What potential impact will leaving the EU have on the British banking industry?
Many banks are relocating jobs to the EU
(Why? Because there is a free movement of capital which makes banking much easier)
What are some characteristics of successful places?
- Attract people/workers/tourists
- Have good transport
- Little deprivation
What problem do most regenerated areas face?
High property prices (forcing many residents to leave)
Why do people have different opinions on whether regeneration is successful or not?
People want different things from a place.
Examples:
- Young people want good nightlife and job opportunities
- Families want low crime and good schools
- Old people want a nice environment and good healthcare
What are some characteristics of unsuccessful places
- Declining investment
- High unemployment
- High unhappiness
- Poorly educated population
- Aging population
Why do unsuccessful places often have aging populations?
They have failed to attract young people to move there, likely due to lack of employment opportunities
What is a gated community?
A place with wealthy residents, often fenced off with lots of security cameras
Why are gated communities common in South Africa?
They demonstrate the apartheid split between the rich whites and the poorer black population.
(Apartheid is basically the same as segregation)
What are commuter villages?
Places outside cities where workers live to commute into the city
What are some problems with commuter villages?
- Often don’t have enough services
- Commuter trains can be very overcrowded
- House prices are often very high due to there being limits on building on the surrounding greenbelt.
What are some problems experienced in declining rural settlements?
- Not enough employment opportunities for young people who grew up in the area, so they leave
- This triggers spiral of decline
What is the spiral of decline?
Businesses begin to fail and jobs are lost, so people have less disposable income. This means they are less likely to shop so more businesses fail…
What is a sink estate?
Social housing estates that are perceived to as the least desirable places to live
What four places are usually prioritised for regeneration?
- Sink estates
- Declining rural settlements
- Commuter villages
- Gated communities
Example of a conflict over regeneration
Debate as to whether the government should update sink estates (like Grenfell Tower) or build new infrastructure (like HS2)
What is social polarisation?
Class segregation that can happen in society because of inequality
Why did the 2011 London riots start?
After the police shooting of Mark Duggan as many thought the attack was racially motivated
How do the 2011 London riots link to deprivation?
Many deprived residents of London felt as though they were being ignored and/or targeted by the state
Why do many minority groups often feel marginalised?
They lack political representation so feel ignored by the government
What are some quantitative methods for measuring deprivation?
- Census
- IMD (Index of Multiple Deprivation)
- Labour force surveys
What does a census show?
Information about the whole population such as growth rates, age, ethnicity and health
What do labour force surveys show?
- Average incomes
- Types of jobs people do
- How many hours they work
Examples of national transport infrastructure projects
- HS2
- Improving motorways
- Expanding regional airports (e.g. Robin Hood airport)
Where has HS2 been constructed?
Between London and Birmingham
Where will HS2 eventually reach?
Manchester
(It was meant to reach Leeds but this has been cancelled)
What is greenbelt land?
Farmland on the edge of cities that cannot be built on
Why can greenbelt land be a problem?
As a city grows in population, it wants to expand, but cannot due to rules about building on greenbelt land.
This increases housing prices in the city as they are in higher demand.
What is ‘planning gain’?
When new private housing estates are built, they must ensure a certain number of the homes are affordable
What company got permission to begin fracking for shale gas in Lancashire in 2018?
Cuadrilla
Why does the government allow fracking to take place?
It is in the ‘national interest’ as we need energy
What are local enterprise partnerships (LEPs)?
Private investment companies that regenerate retail and housing areas
What are regional development agencies (RDAs)?
They work to combine private and public investment to regenerate key sites in cities
What was the housing target between 2010-2015
200,000 homes (but it was not met)
Example of a sports-led regeneration strategy in an urban area
Olympic Park in Stratford
Example of a culture-led regeneration strategy in an urban area
Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture
Example of a tourism-led regeneration strategy in an urban area
Belfast’s Titanic Quarter
Example of a media-led regeneration strategy in a rural area
Some Harry Potter scenes were filmed at Alnwick Castle in North-East England
Example of a culture-led regeneration strategy in a rural area
Bronte Country in Yorkshire is marketed as a place where the Bronte sisters wrote their novels
Example of a sports-led regeneration strategy in a rural area
Go Ape
Example of a tourism-led regeneration strategy in a rural area
Centre Parks
What is rebranding?
Rebranding tries to change how a place is perceived by visitors, whilst also regenerating the area
How have some industrial areas been rebranded?
Often converted into apartments or offices
Example: ‘WeWork’ are an office group who base themselves in old warehouses
How have some farms rebranded themselves?
Creating farms where tourists can pet animals, or adding a farm shop
Regeneration definition
Long-term upgrading of a place designed to reduce inequality and tackle deprivation
Where is Salford?
Greater Manchester
What was Salford like before it was regenerated?
Derelict area of abandoned warehouses and polluted canals
What new attractions were opened in Salford Quays?
- Lowry Theatre
- Lowry Shopping Centre
- Media City
- Imperial War Museum
How was the environment at Salford Quays regenerated?
Canals were cleaned and new vegetation was planted
How many hectares of land was redeveloped in Salford?
100 hectares
Who redeveloped Salford?
- Salford City Council
- Private investors such as Peel holdings
What is the ‘Ocean Gateway’ project?
A 50-year plan to invest in a canal between Manchester and Liverpool. It is currently the largest development project in the UK.
What company is planning the Ocean Gateway project?
Peel Holdings
How was transport infrastructure improved in Salford?
The Manchester Metrolink was extended to reach Salford Quays and Mediacity
What group works with urban developers to make sure their developments are sustainable?
RSPB
What tourism-led regeneration has been used in Salford?
Creating the Lowry Theatre and the Imperial War Museum
How many staff are employed in Mediacity?
2,300
What retail-led regeneration has been used in Salford?
Building the new Lowry Shopping Centre
What is an example of an economic positive feedback loop?
Cumulative causation
What is the ERDF?
European Regional Develpoment Fund
Why is it beneficial for councils to attract people to an area?
Increases the tax takings of an area
What is a science park?
Industrial zones with a focus on research and the quaternary industry
Example of a science park
Cambridge Science Park
Why is it beneficial to have a science park located in Cambridge?
Access to highly-skilled labour
Cambridge Science Park is linked to Trinity College, Cambridge
3 examples of government planning initiatives
- Science parks
- Transport infrastructure improvements
- New housing and office buildings
Examples of interest groups
- Chamber of Commerce who aim to support business interests
- Trade unions
- Local conservation societies
Example of a conflict between interest groups
The Chamber of Commerce may want to support business development whereas local interest groups may want to preserve greenbelt land
Where do interest groups tend to be better organised?
More affluent areas
What is the aim of an LEP?
Try to work out what skills and projects a region needs
Example of ERDF project aimed to benefit the north
‘Food Northwest’ aimed to improve the restaurant industry in the North
International influences on a place
- TNCs
- Tourism
- Migration
- The EU
- Transport (airports)
- Trade agreements
National influences on a place
- Regional governance
- Politics
- Transport
- Nearby areas
What year did ‘town twinning’ begin?
1947
What is the aim of town twinning?
To increase cultural understanding follow WW2
Example of a twinned town
Coventry and Belgrade, Serbia
Example of an EU trade agreement that affected UK farmers
EU’s Common Agricultural Policy - Impacts profitability of farming and types of crops that can be grown
Social measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration
- Net migration
- Demographic change (young people moving to an area)
- Improvements in life expectancy
- Improved educational outcomes
Environmental measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration
- Air or water quality
- Amount of green space
- Evidence of better environment such as less graffiti
Where can environmental data be obtained?
Environment Agency
Economic measures that can be used to measure the success of regeneration
- Income improvements
- Improved IMD score
- Reduced unemployment
How can the ‘changing character of a place’ cause tensions?
Older residents may feel the culture of the area has been destroyed in favour of corporate buildings
An influx of new residents may bring what with them?
Their culture, for example Chinatown. This can cause tensions
Reasons why people’s opinions of an area vary
- Age
- Income
- Business vs communities
What do local businesses want in an area?
- Customers
- Not too much competition
What will local government want in an area?
- Attracting investment
- Reducing levels of deprivation
What will residents want in an area (economic)?
- Low cost of living
- Employment opportunities
What will property developers want in an area?
Maximising their profits by renting/selling at highest potential price
Example of a town which uses history to attract people
Stratford-upon-Avon
What is the ‘Windrush generation’?
West Indian and India/Pakistani people who came to the UK in the 50s to work
What town is the ‘energy capital of Europe’?
Aberdeen has lots of oil companies based there
What are some informal ways of gaining a perception of a place?
- Advertising agencies
- Tourist boards
- Development agencies (they make slogans)
What are some formal ways of gaining a perception of a place?
- Government representation
- Data
- GIS
What is GIS?
Geographical information systems, such as Google Maps
How is Cornwall geographically isolated?
Peninsula of UK
29% of local villages do not have any bus connections
How is Cornwall economically deprived?
Lowest weekly wages, 25% below UK average
What industry in Cornwall was affected by deindustrialisation?
Tin mining
How has Cornwall rebranded itself?
- Education
University of Exeter and Falmouth joined together to create ‘Universities in Cornwall’, hoping to prevent brain drain
How many people are employed by the Eden Project?
400 full-time staff, 75% of these were previously unemployed
Average amount spent by tourists visiting the Eden Project and surrounding area
£150
Environmental disadvantages of the Eden Project
High traffic levels on local roads
Growth rate of Cornwall compared to the rest of the UK
5.8%, when UK average is 5.4%
What areas did the EU invest in?
Areas where the GDP is less than 75% of the EU average
