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Geography: Case Studies > Carbon Cycle > Flashcards

Carbon Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two contrasting energy consuming countries ?

A

USA and France

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2
Q

What is the USAs energy mix ?

A

Fossil fuels: 82%
Renewables: 11%
Nuclear: 8%

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3
Q

What is Frances energy mix ?

A

Fossil fuels: 50%
Renewables: 10%
Nuclear: 41%

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4
Q

How much of the USAs energy is imported ?

A

15%

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5
Q

How much of Frances energy is imported ?

A

46%

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6
Q

What is the reason for the differences in energy mix between the USA and France ?

A

The population size and Climate (heating & A/C)

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7
Q

What is the population of The USA and France ?

A

France: 65 million
USA: 331 million

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8
Q

What is an example of an energy pathway ?

A

Russian gas to Europe

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9
Q

How much gas did Russia export in 2018 ?

A

243 billion m3

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10
Q

How does the gas transfer from Russia to Europe ?

A

Through four major pipelines

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11
Q

What is the Nord Stream pipeline ?

A

A network of offshore natural gas pipelines which run under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany

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12
Q

How has Russias gas supply to Europe become under threat ?

A

The continuing conflict between Ukraine and Russia

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13
Q

Where is the biggest tar sand deposit ?

A

Canada

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14
Q

what is the percentage of oil output is tar sand ?

A

40%

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15
Q

How many barrels of tar sand (bitumen) is extracted in Canada annually ?

A

1 billion with 161 billion to be recovered

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16
Q

What are some of the environmental and human costs of tar sand extraction ?

A

Relocating humans
Deforestation

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17
Q

Where is there a large amount of shale gas extraction ?

A

USA: New York, Pennsylvania and Texas

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18
Q

What percentage of the USAs gas supply is shale gas

A

25%

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19
Q

What has caused an increase in shale gas usage ?

A

Growing use of Fracking

20
Q

What are some environmental concerns to Fracking ?

A

Possible contamination of groundwater
Produces airborne pollutants (Methane)
Small earthquakes

21
Q

Where has the largest deepwater oil been discovered ?

A

200km of the coast of Brazil

22
Q

How many barrels did Petrobras extract from Brazil in 2023 ?

A

2.7 million barrels

23
Q

What are some environmental concerns of deepwater drilling ?

A

Oil spills polluting waters
Blowouts causing fires

24
Q

Which country has diversified its energy sources ?

A

Brazil

25
Q

What types of renewables do Brazil use ?

A

Hydroelectricity and Biofuels

26
Q

What percentage of Brazils energy is renewable

A

4%

27
Q

What percentage of cars in Brazil use flex-fuel engines ?

A

90%

28
Q

What do the cars in Brazil run on ?

A

Petrol and sugar cane ethanol

29
Q

How much sugar cane does Brazil produce ?

A

643 million metric tons

30
Q

What are the environmental and human impacts of sugar cane production in Brazil ?

A

Large scale clearance of tropical rainforest (Deforestation)
Displacement of human

31
Q

What is an example of CCS ?

A

Boundary Dam Power Station, Canada

32
Q

How much Carbon dioxide does The Boundary Dam power station capture each year ?

A

Captures 90% of emission with 1 million tones a year

33
Q

Which country uses hydrogen fuel cells ?

A

USA

34
Q

What does the USA use hydrogen fuel cells for ?

A

Power plants
Electric cars
Heating

35
Q

How many operating fuel cell electric generators does the USA have ?

A

205 in 2022

36
Q

What is an example of a afforestation project ?

A

Chinas Three North Shelter project (Great Green Wall)

37
Q

What is the Three North Shelter project ?

A

A 4500km green wall of trees to tackle desertification

38
Q

What is an example of water conservation ?

A

Drip irrigation

39
Q

What country uses drip irrigation the most ?

A

Israel

40
Q

how much of Israels water is used for agriculture ?

A

56% compared to 70% in Utah that uses little drip irrigation

41
Q

where are drought resistant crops being used ?

A

Argentina, Brazil, India, South Africa and Uganda

42
Q

What drought resistant crops are being used ?

A

maize, sugar cane, wheat and rice

43
Q

What is an example of carbon taxation in the UK ?

A

Annual car tax set based on the CO2 emissions per km

44
Q

What did scheme did the UK set up to be energy efficient ?

A

Green deal scheme

45
Q

What was the Green Deal scheme ?

A

encouraged energy saving improvements to homes such as efficient boilers, lighting and insulation

Geography: Case Studies (14 decks)

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