Carbon Cycle Flashcards
What are the two contrasting energy consuming countries ?
USA and France
What is the USAs energy mix ?
Fossil fuels: 82%
Renewables: 11%
Nuclear: 8%
What is Frances energy mix ?
Fossil fuels: 50%
Renewables: 10%
Nuclear: 41%
How much of the USAs energy is imported ?
15%
How much of Frances energy is imported ?
46%
What is the reason for the differences in energy mix between the USA and France ?
The population size and Climate (heating & A/C)
What is the population of The USA and France ?
France: 65 million
USA: 331 million
What is an example of an energy pathway ?
Russian gas to Europe
How much gas did Russia export in 2018 ?
243 billion m3
How does the gas transfer from Russia to Europe ?
Through four major pipelines
What is the Nord Stream pipeline ?
A network of offshore natural gas pipelines which run under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany
How has Russias gas supply to Europe become under threat ?
The continuing conflict between Ukraine and Russia
Where is the biggest tar sand deposit ?
Canada
what is the percentage of oil output is tar sand ?
40%
How many barrels of tar sand (bitumen) is extracted in Canada annually ?
1 billion with 161 billion to be recovered
What are some of the environmental and human costs of tar sand extraction ?
Relocating humans
Deforestation
Where is there a large amount of shale gas extraction ?
USA: New York, Pennsylvania and Texas
What percentage of the USAs gas supply is shale gas
25%
What has caused an increase in shale gas usage ?
Growing use of Fracking
What are some environmental concerns to Fracking ?
Possible contamination of groundwater
Produces airborne pollutants (Methane)
Small earthquakes
Where has the largest deepwater oil been discovered ?
200km of the coast of Brazil
How many barrels did Petrobras extract from Brazil in 2023 ?
2.7 million barrels
What are some environmental concerns of deepwater drilling ?
Oil spills polluting waters
Blowouts causing fires
Which country has diversified its energy sources ?
Brazil
What types of renewables do Brazil use ?
Hydroelectricity and Biofuels
What percentage of Brazils energy is renewable
4%
What percentage of cars in Brazil use flex-fuel engines ?
90%
What do the cars in Brazil run on ?
Petrol and sugar cane ethanol
How much sugar cane does Brazil produce ?
643 million metric tons
What are the environmental and human impacts of sugar cane production in Brazil ?
Large scale clearance of tropical rainforest (Deforestation)
Displacement of human
What is an example of CCS ?
Boundary Dam Power Station, Canada
How much Carbon dioxide does The Boundary Dam power station capture each year ?
Captures 90% of emission with 1 million tones a year
Which country uses hydrogen fuel cells ?
USA
What does the USA use hydrogen fuel cells for ?
Power plants
Electric cars
Heating
How many operating fuel cell electric generators does the USA have ?
205 in 2022
What is an example of a afforestation project ?
Chinas Three North Shelter project (Great Green Wall)
What is the Three North Shelter project ?
A 4500km green wall of trees to tackle desertification
What is an example of water conservation ?
Drip irrigation
What country uses drip irrigation the most ?
Israel
how much of Israels water is used for agriculture ?
56% compared to 70% in Utah that uses little drip irrigation
where are drought resistant crops being used ?
Argentina, Brazil, India, South Africa and Uganda
What drought resistant crops are being used ?
maize, sugar cane, wheat and rice
What is an example of carbon taxation in the UK ?
Annual car tax set based on the CO2 emissions per km
What did scheme did the UK set up to be energy efficient ?
Green deal scheme
What was the Green Deal scheme ?
encouraged energy saving improvements to homes such as efficient boilers, lighting and insulation
