Coasts Flashcards
What is an example of a Cliffed coastline ?
Chalk cliffs at Flamborough head in Yorkshire
What is an example of a Sandy coastline ?
Sand dunes in Belgium
What is an example of a Estuarine coastline ?
Lymington, in Hampshire
What is an example of Concordant coastline ?
Lulworth cove in Dorset
What is an example of a Dalmatian coastline ?
Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast runs along the western edge of the country.
What is an example of a coastline with a multiple coastal features ?
Northumberland Heritage Coastline
What coastal features are along the Northumberland Heritage coastline ?
. Sedimentary limestone cliffs form; Horizontal bedding planes, Vertical joints and small caves
. Beneath cliffs are a series of folds
Where is the UK experiences the largest waves ?
Cornwall due to prevailing winds from Florida (Fetch of over 4000km)
Where is an example of a Blowhole ?
La Bufadora is a large example of a blowhole located in Baja California, Mexico.
Where is an example of the Cave-Arch-Stack sequence ?
Flamborough Head, Holderness
What is an example of a Sediment cells ?
Holderness Coast Sediment Cell
What is the Source, Transfer zone and Sink along the Holderness coast ?
Source: Flamborough heads chalk, Hornsea’s boulder clay and River Humber
Transfer zone: Humber estuary and Long shore drift
Sink: Spurn head
What is the Negative feedback loop along the Holderness coast ?
. During erosion large amount of cliffs will collapse with chalk and boulder clay protecting the base of the cliff.
. Erosion of Spurn head could led to increased deposits off shore creating offshore bars
What is the Positive feedback loop along the Holderness coast ?
. Increased storms erodes beach material faster
. Rising sea levels could increase the erosion of spits like Spurn head, removing faster than can be replaced.
Where is an example of Raised and Fossil beaches ?
Fife, Scotland
Where is an example of a Ria ?
Kingsbridge Estuary in Devon
Where are examples of Fjords ?
Norway, Canada and New Zealand
Where has had increased erosion due to Dredging ?
Hallsland, Devon 1890’s
What happened at Hallsland ?
Dredging occurred offshore increasing erosion due to no beach to disperse energy.
Today is an abandoned “Ghost village”
What is an example of human activity increasing erosion ?
The Construction of Aswan High Dam along the Nile.
What was the impact of the construction of the Aswan High Dam ?
It starved the Nile Delta of sediment increasing erosion rates
How much did sediment reduce after the Aswan High Dam was built ?
Fell from 130 million tones to about 15 million tones.
Where on the Nile Delta has been affected the most ?
Rosetta:
Erosion rates jumped from 20 m to 200m per year
What county is at risk due to rising sea levels ?
Maldives
What is the highest point in the Maldives ?
2.3 m above sea level
What does the future hold for the Maldives ?
A sea level rise of 50cm by 2100 means the Maldives would lose 77% of its land
With the remaining becoming vulnerable to storm surges
What is the population of the Maldives ?
400,000 at risk of becoming environmental refugees
What has been done to protect the Maldives from rising sea levels ?
Male has created a ringed 3m high sea wall
What are example of Storm Surges ?
The North Sea 2013
Bangladesh
What was the North Sea storm surge 2013 ?
A very deep depression named ‘Cyclone Xaver’
North winds drove the storms waves onto the North seas coast
What were the major impacts of the North Sea storm surge ?
. Scotlands rail network was shut down
.100,000 homes lost power
. 2500 coastal homes were flooded
. 15 deaths across the country
What reduced the impacts of the North Sea storm surge ?
Forecasting, warnings, evacuations and coastal defences limited damage
What is Bangladesh vulnerable against ?
Tropical cyclones causing storm surges
Why is Bangladesh vulnerable against tropical storms ?
. Very low lying land 1-3m above sea level
. Intense rainfall increases flooding
. Deforestation of coastal mangroves
Why have the number of deaths decreased in Bangladesh storm surge ?
Improvements to warning systems, construction of cyclone shelters and better aid
300,000 (1970) to 15,000 (2007)
What are the economic losses of Bangladesh storm surges over time ?
$90 million (1970) compared to $1.7 billion (2007)
What is an example of economic loss along coastal communities ?
Destruction of railway at Dawlish due to erosion 2014 cost £35 million to repair and cost businesses from £60 - £1.6 billion
What the social and economic cost of the Netherlands storm surge 1953
Economic:
10% farmland flooded and 40,000 buildings damaged
Social:
1800 deaths
(Deltawerken created after)
What the social and economic cost of Typhoon Haiyan ?
Economic:
$2 billion in damages
Social:
6300 deaths
What countries populations are at risk of becoming environmental refugees ?
Maldives, Tuvalu and Barbados
What is an example of a Hard engineering mega project ?
Deltawerken
What were the aims of Deltawerken ?
. Reduce risk of flooding in low lying areas
. Control the flow of river to reduce flooding
. Shorten length of coastline exposed to the sea
Why is Deltawerken effective against storm surges ?
The water flow can be controlled by closing the dams to shut water out
How much did Deltawerken cost ?
$5 billion
What is the problem that Deltawerken faces with rising sea levels ?
1.3m sea level rise by 2100 means $1.5 billion would have to be spent each year on new flood defences
Where is an example of Sustainable Management ?
The Maldives
What is being done in the Maldives to sustainably protect the coast ?
. The Organisation Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is educating the importance of maintaining coastal mangroves as a natural defence.
. The Global Environmental Facility has provided a small grant to develop sustainable farming.
What is the policy in Hornsea ?
‘hold the Line’
Why is the policy at Hornsea ‘Hold the line’ ?
. It is a economic centre for 8500 people
. Important historic site
. There is a site of specific scientific interest
What is the policy at Mappleton ?
‘No active intervention’
What are the impacts of Mappleton having a ‘No active intervention’ policy ?
. 400m of land erosion by 2105
. 32 properties are likely to be lost due to erosion
