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Geography: Case Studies > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a Cliffed coastline ?

A

Chalk cliffs at Flamborough head in Yorkshire

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2
Q

What is an example of a Sandy coastline ?

A

Sand dunes in Belgium

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3
Q

What is an example of a Estuarine coastline ?

A

Lymington, in Hampshire

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4
Q

What is an example of Concordant coastline ?

A

Lulworth cove in Dorset

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5
Q

What is an example of a Dalmatian coastline ?

A

Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast runs along the western edge of the country.

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6
Q

What is an example of a coastline with a multiple coastal features ?

A

Northumberland Heritage Coastline

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7
Q

What coastal features are along the Northumberland Heritage coastline ?

A

. Sedimentary limestone cliffs form; Horizontal bedding planes, Vertical joints and small caves
. Beneath cliffs are a series of folds

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8
Q

Where is the UK experiences the largest waves ?

A

Cornwall due to prevailing winds from Florida (Fetch of over 4000km)

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9
Q

Where is an example of a Blowhole ?

A

La Bufadora is a large example of a blowhole located in Baja California, Mexico.

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10
Q

Where is an example of the Cave-Arch-Stack sequence ?

A

Flamborough Head, Holderness

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11
Q

What is an example of a Sediment cells ?

A

Holderness Coast Sediment Cell

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12
Q

What is the Source, Transfer zone and Sink along the Holderness coast ?

A

Source: Flamborough heads chalk, Hornsea’s boulder clay and River Humber
Transfer zone: Humber estuary and Long shore drift
Sink: Spurn head

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13
Q

What is the Negative feedback loop along the Holderness coast ?

A

. During erosion large amount of cliffs will collapse with chalk and boulder clay protecting the base of the cliff.
. Erosion of Spurn head could led to increased deposits off shore creating offshore bars

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14
Q

What is the Positive feedback loop along the Holderness coast ?

A

. Increased storms erodes beach material faster
. Rising sea levels could increase the erosion of spits like Spurn head, removing faster than can be replaced.

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15
Q

Where is an example of Raised and Fossil beaches ?

A

Fife, Scotland

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16
Q

Where is an example of a Ria ?

A

Kingsbridge Estuary in Devon

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17
Q

Where are examples of Fjords ?

A

Norway, Canada and New Zealand

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18
Q

Where has had increased erosion due to Dredging ?

A

Hallsland, Devon 1890’s

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19
Q

What happened at Hallsland ?

A

Dredging occurred offshore increasing erosion due to no beach to disperse energy.
Today is an abandoned “Ghost village”

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20
Q

What is an example of human activity increasing erosion ?

A

The Construction of Aswan High Dam along the Nile.

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21
Q

What was the impact of the construction of the Aswan High Dam ?

A

It starved the Nile Delta of sediment increasing erosion rates

22
Q

How much did sediment reduce after the Aswan High Dam was built ?

A

Fell from 130 million tones to about 15 million tones.

23
Q

Where on the Nile Delta has been affected the most ?

A

Rosetta:
Erosion rates jumped from 20 m to 200m per year

24
Q

What county is at risk due to rising sea levels ?

A

Maldives

25
Q

What is the highest point in the Maldives ?

A

2.3 m above sea level

26
Q

What does the future hold for the Maldives ?

A

A sea level rise of 50cm by 2100 means the Maldives would lose 77% of its land
With the remaining becoming vulnerable to storm surges

27
Q

What is the population of the Maldives ?

A

400,000 at risk of becoming environmental refugees

28
Q

What has been done to protect the Maldives from rising sea levels ?

A

Male has created a ringed 3m high sea wall

29
Q

What are example of Storm Surges ?

A

The North Sea 2013
Bangladesh

30
Q

What was the North Sea storm surge 2013 ?

A

A very deep depression named ‘Cyclone Xaver’
North winds drove the storms waves onto the North seas coast

31
Q

What were the major impacts of the North Sea storm surge ?

A

. Scotlands rail network was shut down
.100,000 homes lost power
. 2500 coastal homes were flooded
. 15 deaths across the country

32
Q

What reduced the impacts of the North Sea storm surge ?

A

Forecasting, warnings, evacuations and coastal defences limited damage

33
Q

What is Bangladesh vulnerable against ?

A

Tropical cyclones causing storm surges

34
Q

Why is Bangladesh vulnerable against tropical storms ?

A

. Very low lying land 1-3m above sea level
. Intense rainfall increases flooding
. Deforestation of coastal mangroves

35
Q

Why have the number of deaths decreased in Bangladesh storm surge ?

A

Improvements to warning systems, construction of cyclone shelters and better aid
300,000 (1970) to 15,000 (2007)

36
Q

What are the economic losses of Bangladesh storm surges over time ?

A

$90 million (1970) compared to $1.7 billion (2007)

37
Q

What is an example of economic loss along coastal communities ?

A

Destruction of railway at Dawlish due to erosion 2014 cost £35 million to repair and cost businesses from £60 - £1.6 billion

38
Q

What the social and economic cost of the Netherlands storm surge 1953

A

Economic:
10% farmland flooded and 40,000 buildings damaged
Social:
1800 deaths
(Deltawerken created after)

39
Q

What the social and economic cost of Typhoon Haiyan ?

A

Economic:
$2 billion in damages
Social:
6300 deaths

40
Q

What countries populations are at risk of becoming environmental refugees ?

A

Maldives, Tuvalu and Barbados

41
Q

What is an example of a Hard engineering mega project ?

A

Deltawerken

42
Q

What were the aims of Deltawerken ?

A

. Reduce risk of flooding in low lying areas
. Control the flow of river to reduce flooding
. Shorten length of coastline exposed to the sea

43
Q

Why is Deltawerken effective against storm surges ?

A

The water flow can be controlled by closing the dams to shut water out

44
Q

How much did Deltawerken cost ?

A

$5 billion

45
Q

What is the problem that Deltawerken faces with rising sea levels ?

A

1.3m sea level rise by 2100 means $1.5 billion would have to be spent each year on new flood defences

46
Q

Where is an example of Sustainable Management ?

A

The Maldives

47
Q

What is being done in the Maldives to sustainably protect the coast ?

A

. The Organisation Mangroves for the Future (MFF) is educating the importance of maintaining coastal mangroves as a natural defence.
. The Global Environmental Facility has provided a small grant to develop sustainable farming.

48
Q

What is the policy in Hornsea ?

A

‘hold the Line’

49
Q

Why is the policy at Hornsea ‘Hold the line’ ?

A

. It is a economic centre for 8500 people
. Important historic site
. There is a site of specific scientific interest

50
Q

What is the policy at Mappleton ?

A

‘No active intervention’

51
Q

What are the impacts of Mappleton having a ‘No active intervention’ policy ?

A

. 400m of land erosion by 2105
. 32 properties are likely to be lost due to erosion

Geography: Case Studies (14 decks)

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