Water balance part 4 and 5

Question 1

Osmosis

Answer 1

movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

Question 2

osmotic pressure exerted by particles is based on mass or number of particles per unit of volume

Answer 2

number of particles per unit of volume

Question 3

each particle in solution exerts the same amount of pressure against a membrane regardless of mass. True or false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Molar Concentration

Answer 4

the amount of substance per unit volume

Question 5

Molal concentration

Answer 5

the amount of substance per unit mass of solvent

Question 6

In what form is water in in the interstitial?

Answer 6

1) gel (proteoglycans and water)
2) rivulets of free fluid
3) free fluid vesicles

Question 7

how are compartment volumes measured?

Answer 7

by determining the volume of distribution of a tracer substance

Question 8

compartment volume equation:

Answer 8

Volume = the amount of tracer/ the concentration of tracer

Question 9

What are two examples of tracers?

Answer 9

1) Ionics-enters other compartments- overestimation

2) Crystalloids-lack of full distribution in ECF- low estimate

Question 10

Glomerular filtration rate can be used to measure what?

Answer 10

analyzes renal function

Question 11

What happens to inulin in the glomerulus when H2O is reabsorbed?

Answer 11

Inulin increases

Question 12

GFR = what?

Answer 12

the the plasma is cleared of a substance if that substance is freely filterable

Question 13

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 13

the kidneys are unable to prevent the excretion of water so a large amount of dilute urine is excreted.

Question 14

What are the two types of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 14

1) Diabetes insipidus centralis

2) Diabetes insipidus renalis

Question 15

What are the two types of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 15

1) Diabetes insipidus centralis

2) Diabetes insipidus renalis

Question 16

Diabetes insipidus centralis?

Answer 16

caused by a lack of ADH synthesis in the pituitary gland

Question 17

Diabetes insipidus renalis?

Answer 17

ADH is produced but cannot act in the kidneys

Question 18

Clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 18

PU/PD, noctoria, urine test can show ADH level

Question 19

How can the cell protect against volume fluctuations?

Answer 19

mechanosensors regulate ion flow in and out of cell

Question 20

Insensible water loss

Answer 20

waterless that cannot be measured (sensed)

• water vapor exhaled
• skin (not sweat)

Question 21

Sensible water loss

Answer 21

water loss that can be measured

• skin-sweat
• feces
• urine production

Question 22

Hypovolemia

Answer 22

blood volume loss

Question 23

Dehydration

Answer 23

reduced fluid volume (less than normal)

Question 24

Hypertonic (During Dehydration)

Answer 24

• is the most common form of dehydration /water loss
• water loss exceed electrolyte loss
• ECF has increased osmolality
• increased osmolality of ICF

Question 25

Isotonic (during dehydration)

Answer 25

water loss equals electrolyte loss

• hypovolemia
• decreased volume of ECF
• sweat, hemorrhage

Question 26

Hypotonic (during dehydration)

Answer 26

loss of electrolytes exceeds loss of water

• not common
• osmolality of ECF decreases
• caused by kidney disease, diarrhea

Question 27

Overhydration

Answer 27

fluid volume is greater than normal

-hypervolemia