Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cell physiology > Water balance part 1 > Flashcards

Water balance part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Life depends on maintaining 3 things:

A

1) The proper amount of water in the body
2) The correct proportion of electrolytes and water
3) The proper acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is water’s overall charge?

A

Neutral (Same number of protons and electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Even though water has an overall neutral charge, is each water molecule polar or non polar? Why?

A
  • Polar

- electrons are asymmetrically distributed making the molecule have a polar charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does water have two separate charge ends? what are they?

A
  • Yes
  • One end is slightly positive
  • The other end is slightly negative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does oxygen draw electrons close to or away from hydrogen?

A

-oxygen draws electrons AWAY FROM hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Water molecules contain what kinds of bonds?

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At 37 degrees C, 15% of water molecules are joined to 4 other water molecules as…

A

“flickering clusters”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What properties are water’s cohesive bondness responsible for?

A

High surface tension, specific heat, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why can two adjacent water molecules form hydrogen bonds?

A

because water is polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is stronger? Covalent or Hydrogen bonds?

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which bond is longer? Covalent or Hydrogen bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds are longer (.27 nm). Covalent bonds are shorter (.10 nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Water is a solvent. What does this mean?

A

It means many substances dissolve in water. The molecules separate from each other and are each surrounded by water molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solution

A

a substance dissolved in a liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Solute

A

the dissolved substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Solvent

A

the liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrophilic molecule

A

a substance that dissolves readily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are hydrophilic molecules composed of?

A

ions or polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do hydrophilic molecules attract water?

A

through electrical charge effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A

molecules that are insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What kind of bonds do hydrophobic molecules contain?

A

non-polar bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What kind of bonds are water molecules not attracted to?

A

C-H bonds (hydrocarbons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Will water molecules surround C-H bonds?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the largest single constituent of the body?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much of the total body weight is water?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

All fluids in the body are either one of two things?

A

extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rank the body fluids from highest to lowest

A

Intracellular > interstitial > plasma (intravascular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is 2/3 of the bodily fluid?

A

Intracellularly- within the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is 1/3 of the bodily fluid found?

A

Extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

80% of the ECF is_______

A

interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

20% of the ECF is_______

A

blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the interstitial located?

A

microscopically between tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Some of the ECF is known as?

A

transcellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

fluid located between cell layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where are some of the transcellular fluid located?

A

lymph of lymph vessels; cerebrospinal fluid in the brain; synovial fluid in the joints; aqueous humor/vitreous body in the eyes; endolymph/perilymph in the ears; pleural/pericardial/peritoneal fluids between serous membranes; glomerular filtrate in the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are endothelial cells

A

they are simple squamous cells that line the inside (lumen) of blood and lymph vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the three fluid compartments of the ECF?

A

1) Interstitial fluid
2) Blood plasma and lymph
3) Transcellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When is an animal is fluid balance?

A

When the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount of water lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the maintenance of normal fluid balance entail?

A

1) regulating body water content

2) regulating distribution of water in the ECF and ICF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the sources of water intake?

A

1) Ingested liquid: drinking water
2) Ingested food
3) Metabolic water: byproduct of cellular respiration/electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the two main sources of body water?

A

ingested liquids and moist foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is preformed water?

A

ingested liquids and moist foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Is body fluid volume usually constant? does the amount lost equal the amount gained?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are 4 routes of water loss/outtake?

A

1) Kidneys
2) Skin
3) Lungs
4) Gastrointestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How do the kidneys lose water?

A

Excretes most of the water; excretes water in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does the skin lose water?

A

excretes water as sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do the lungs lose water?

A

the lungs exhale water vapor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How does the GI lose water?

A

in the feces

48
Q

Why is fluid gain not regulated to maintain homeostasis of body water?

A

because of the formation of metabolic water

49
Q

What does the level of metabolic water depend on?

A

depends on the level of cellular respiration which reflects the cell’s demand for ATP

50
Q

What is the main way to regulate body fluid gain?

A

by adjusting the volume of preformed water; drinking more or less

51
Q

Two types of perspiration contribute to water loss to the environment:

A

1) insensitive perspiration

2) sensible perspiration

52
Q

Insensitive perspiration

A

the gradual movement of water across the skin and respiratory tract

53
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

the secretory activities of the sweat glands (varies)

54
Q

Which type of perspiration causes significant water loss?

A

sensible

55
Q

Why is water gain needed?

A

Water gain is required to balance average water losses

56
Q

How is water gained?

A

Water is gained by eating, drinking, and metabolic generation

57
Q

What is metabolic generation of water

A

it is where water is produced by the cells

58
Q

Metabolic generation of water usually occurs how and where?

A

by oxidative phosphorylation, in the mitochondria
recall: oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells us enzymes to oxidize nutrients (NADH, FADH2) which release energy (H+ is severed releasing energy) which is then used to reform ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain H2O is created as a bi-product

59
Q

how are bodily fluids separated?

A

into compartments by selectively permeable membranes

60
Q

how are individual cells separated from intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid?

A

the plasma membrane

61
Q

how are interstitial fluid and blood plasma separated

A

the blood vessel wall (made of endothelium)

62
Q

although fluid is in constant motion, the volume of each fluid compartment remains fairly stable: what is this called?

A

homeostasis

63
Q

what does blood do in terms of movement of bodily fluids?

A

The blood is the vehicle of transport and exchange of materials between body cells and the outside world

64
Q

where do the nutrients from food ingested go?

A

they enter the blood for distribution into the tissues throughout the body

65
Q

where does oxygen enter and go?

A

enters the lungs and then goes to the blood

66
Q

waste products generated by cellular metabolism go where?

A

they diffuse out of the cells and into the blood stream

67
Q

where do waste products generated by cellular metabolism go after they get into the blood stream?

A

from the blood they can be

1) excreted into the urine, 
2) exhaled by the lungs
3) or follow another route out of the body
68
Q

what is the go between of intracellular fluid and the blood plasma?

A

interstitial fluid

69
Q

the movement of substances between blood plasma and interstitial fluid occurs across what?

A

capillary walls

70
Q

Substances enter and leave capillaries in what 3 ways?

A

1) vesicular transport
2) diffusion
3) bulk flow

71
Q

Vesicular transport

A

substances in the blood plasma enter endothelial cell by endocytosis and then exit the cell into the interstitial fluid by exocytosis (only some molecules do this) (ex proteins)

72
Q

Diffusion

A

Most molecules move from capillaries to tissue by diffusion

  • O2 and CO2 is exchanged between blood and lungs by diffusion
  • individual solutes like glucose and amino acids go down their concentration gradient by diffusion
73
Q

Diffusion exception!

A

in the brain, the blood-brain barrier blocks diffusion of many substances

74
Q

what two mechanisms does Bulk Flow consist of?

A

1) filtration

2) reabsorption

75
Q

What is Filtration (bulk flow)?

A

the net movement of materials from the blood to the interstitial fluid

76
Q

What is reabsorption (bulk flow)?

A

the net movement of materials from the interstitial fluid to the blood

77
Q

Arterial end of capillaries (from the heart)

A

has high hydrostatic pressure

78
Q

Venus end of capillaries

A

has low hydrostatic pressure

79
Q

Filtration predominates at what end of the capillaries?

A

the arteriolar end

80
Q

Reabsorption predominates at what end of the capillaries?

A

the venule end

81
Q

Which occurs more in the capillaries: filtration or reabsorption?

A

filtration

82
Q

Where do fluids go that are not reabsorbed into the blood capilliaries and particles go that escaped from the blood ?

A

they go to the lymphatic capillaries, move through the lymphatic vessels, and then are emptied into the circulatory system

83
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

the movement of water by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

84
Q

What two forces control the movement of water from one compartment to another?

A

1) hydrostatic pressure

2) osmotic pressure

85
Q

Osmotic pressure is caused by and goes into?

A

Osmotic pressure is caused by proteins and goes from interstitial into the blood capillary

86
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is caused by and goes into?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is caused by blood pressure and goes from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid

87
Q

True or False: any factors that affect the net hyrdostatic or osmotic pressure will alter the distribution of fluids within the ECF

A

True

88
Q

What is edema?

A

the movement of abnormal amounts of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid.

89
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

An increase in the blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries.

90
Q

True of false: conditions that affect the water balance will also affect the solute concentration

A

true

91
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

compounds that are able to conduct electricity and dissociate into ions in solution

92
Q

What are the 4 main functions of electrolytes in the body?

A

1) Body structure/ cell metabolism
2) electrolytes facilitate the osmotic movement of water between fluid compartments
3) Help maintain acid-base balance (H+ concentration)
4) produce/maintain membrane potentials and action potentials

93
Q

ECF and ICF usually act as?

A

Distinct entities

94
Q

The principal ions in the ECF are?

A

1) Sodium
2) Chloride
3) Bicarbonate

95
Q

The ICF contains an abundance of:

A

1) Potassium
2) Magnesium
3) Phosphate
4) Negatively charged proteins

96
Q

Are the osmolarities of the ECF and ICF the same or different?

A

The same

97
Q

How are small differences in the ECF and ICF managed?

A

By osmosis, because cell membranes are freely permeable to water.
Remember, osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane

98
Q

What regulates fluid movement between the intracellular compartments?

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

99
Q

The interstitial fluid and the hydrostatic pressure within the cells are the equal or different?

A

they are equal

100
Q

fluid flow or an imbalance between the interstitial fluid and the intracellular compartment is usually due to what kind of pressure?

A

osmotic pressure

101
Q

If there is a decrease in plasma sodium where will the water go? What will cells do?

A

there will be a net movement of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid causing the cells to SWELL

102
Q

when dealing with problems of fluid balance, can transcellular fluid be ignored?

A

yes, it is usually insignificant to the total body gain or loss, or usually won’t change with rest of body

103
Q

Osmotic pressure change is usually due to what changes?

A

1) a change in Na+ concentration

2) a change in K+ concentration

104
Q

What is the principal cation outside the cell?

A

Na+

105
Q

What is the principal cation inside the cell?

A

K+

106
Q

What regulates Na+ balance inside the body?

A

ANP, ADH, and aldosterone

107
Q

What regulates K+ balance inside the body?

A

Aldosterone

108
Q

What is fluid shift?

A

movement of water from between ECF and ICF

109
Q

Does fluid shift occur slowly or rapidly? and how long does it take to reach equilibrium?

A

It occurs rapidly. Takes 30 minutes to an hour to reach equilibrium

110
Q

Why do fluid shifts occur?

A

Fluid shifts occur in response to osmolarity changes of ECF

111
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

the number of solutes per liter of solution

112
Q

What happen if osmolarity of the ECF increases?

A

then the solutes in the ECF increases, water will follow the solutes out of the cell to the ECF causing the cell to shrink (hypertonic solution)

113
Q

Osmolarity of the ECF will increase if subject loses water from the ECF but retains what?

A

electrolytes

114
Q

What happens if osmolarity of the ECF decreases?

A

then the solutes in the ICF will increase. Water will follow solutes into the cell and the cell will swell (hypotonic to ICF).

115
Q

The Osmolarity of the ECF will decrease if the subject gains water but does not gain what?

A

electrolytes

cell physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions