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Comparative FInal > Water Balance and Ion osmocontrol > Flashcards

Water Balance and Ion osmocontrol Flashcards

1
Q

Water is difficult to move so what is a solution to the movement of water in and out of the cells directly?

A

Movement of ions and the water follows

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2
Q

What is the relationship between diversity and habitat moisture?

A

direct relationship

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3
Q

Water can comprise what percent depending on the type of animal you are?

A

60-90%

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4
Q

What is the world’s wettest animal? Why do they have such a high content of water?

A

lion’s mane jellyfish-largest plantonic organism in the ocean- can weight up to 2500lbs and the water content 99% water. Living tissue is very little.

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5
Q

What is the worlds driest animal?

A

water bears-cryptobiosis-anydrobiosis-without water life and enter into tunn state with complete absence of water 2% water

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6
Q

What percent of humans are water?

A

70%

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7
Q

What percent of blood is water?

A

85%

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8
Q

What are the five major habitat types?

A 
freshwater
saltwater
estuary
terrestrial
endoparasitic habitat
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9
Q

freshwater has a low mineral content and how does this effect the animal?

A

The animals always gain water from the medium bc they are hyperosmotic to the environment

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10
Q

Saltwater has a high mineral content how does this effect the animal?

A

The animal is hypoosmotic to the medium and you constantly lose water

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11
Q

In the estuary what is the effect on the animals?

A

estuaries have changing conditions both saltwater and freshwater content so it is extremely difficult

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12
Q

Terrestrial environment animals must do what and why?

A

They have lost free access to water and must carry the water with us

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13
Q

What is the nature of the endoparasitic habitat?

A

Animals living inside the other animal and it is probably the most benign habitat because they let the host regulate their body.

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14
Q

What is the water budget concept of an animal?

A

you cant have too much water or too little water it must completely balance out

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15
Q

What are the potential ways water is lost from the body?

A
  • urine
  • feces
  • integumental
  • insensible water loss
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16
Q

What animal is the best at making sure there is little no water loss in feces?

A

insects

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17
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

The water loss that we can not sense only in terrestrial animals across the respiratory tract

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18
Q

What are some of the potential ways water is gained in the body?

A

drinking
eating
preformed water
metabolic water

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19
Q

what is preformed water? and give an example.

A

Water that is associated with storge of protein fats and carbs. for example 1 g of glycogen is stored with 10 g of water thats why when you go on a diet you loss all your glycogen storage

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20
Q

How is metabolic water formed?

A

de novo by the oxygenation of food- make ATP by product is water

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21
Q

WHat is the formula of Evaporative water loss? And what does each variable represent?

A

EWL=-D DELTAxwv / DELTAd
D= diffusion coeficiency
DELTAxwv=difference in water vapor density
DELTAd=diffusion path length

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22
Q

Based on the EWL gives us what ability?

A

The ability to predict the adaptations animals will use to survive water loss?

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23
Q

WHat are the three key tactics animals use to survive water loss?

A
  1. adaptation to move water directly to and from the environment (rare)
  2. adaptation to prevent water loss
  3. Adaptation for water storage against times of storage
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24
Q

What is the difference between a strategy and a tactic?

A

A strategy is your overall plan for surviving under certain conditions. A tactic is the specific adaptation to meet the overall life strategy.

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25
Q

Why is the adaptation to move directly to move water to and from the environment rare?

A

Because water is very heavy and extremely energy costly to move

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26
Q

What is the only way direct control of water movement can be accomplished?

A

Through the use of a contractile vacuole

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27
Q

Describe the outside of the contractile vacuole membrane. and what is its scientific name?

A

There is a layer that is opaque because there are many structures immediately adjacent to the membrane=contractile proteins, mitochondria, and vesciles filled with water

Spongiome layer

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28
Q

In times of too much water in an animal that uses a contractile vacuole what happens?

A

The vesicles will find there way to the membrane and the membrane is filed with water and the vesicle will empty that into the environment.

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29
Q

How is the transport of the vesicles inside accomplished?

A

The vesicles are transported along the micro tubular filaments that innervate all areas of the cell and are carried on microtubulin by kinesin

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30
Q

How is water regulated in the contractile vacuole?

A

The paramecium/protist uses arginine vasopressin reduces vacuole permeability meaning that if there is an increase of vacuole permeability there is an increase of the water inside because there is an increase of activity of vesicles

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31
Q

What is the difference in the functionality of the contractile vacuole in freshwater and in saltwater or estuary organism?

A

In the freshwater water is going to have to be dumped out alot so the vacuole is active. in the saltwater or estuary the org will lose water so the vacuole will be minimally to not functional at all.

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32
Q

Why are there many mitochondria in the contractile vacuole?

A

because it is very energy expensive

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33
Q

In what organisms is the contractile vacuole found?

A

In sponges and in cndarians (freshwater)

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34
Q

The other way for direct control and movement of water is what?

A

The reabsorption of water vapor from sub saturated air

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35
Q

The reabsorption of water from air directly accomplished by what organs? and is only found in what animal group?

A

Hygroscopic

arthropods

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36
Q

What are hygroscopic organs?

A

organs that can absorb water from sub saturated air

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37
Q

What are the agranular cells that are found in ticks? WHat do they do?

A

Agranular cells are specialized salivary glands that are found in the mouth that produce a potassium hydroxide solution. And this potassium hydroxide is a rich hygroscopic solution that can pull water form air.

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38
Q

WHat does hygroscopic mean?

A

pull water from air

39
Q

What part of the human body is hygroscopic?

A

hair

40
Q

Similar solutions of KCl (hygroscopic soln) have also been found in mites and lice and in what part of their body?

A

rectal glands and sacs that contain hygroscopic fluid

41
Q

What is the best adapted animal to pull water from the air?

A

Desert cockroach

42
Q

What forms of the desert cockroach can pull water from the air?

A

larval forms

neoteny female cockroaches

43
Q

What is neoteny in cockroaches?

A

you have a juvenile form that becomes sexually mature

44
Q

How does the desert cockroach pull water from the air?

A

They have a eversible bladder inside their mouth and can flip it out into the air. It is covered by like little tiny tiny hairs densely packed and are thought to play some role to pull the water from the air.

45
Q

What are the three hypothesis of how the desert cockroach uses the eversible bladder to pull water from the air?

A
  1. fluid covering on bladder such as KOH?
  2. cuticular hairs capillary action?
  3. the hairs are hygroscopic?
46
Q

What is sub saturated air?

A

relative humidity is less than 100%

47
Q

Why do you see contractile vacuoles in freshwater sponges but not saltwater?

A

Because in freshwater the sponge is gaining too much water from its environment and therefore must get rid of it so it uses the contractile vacuole to transport water put of its body

48
Q

Most animals have which adaptation?

A

the adaptations that prevent water loss across the body surfaces

49
Q

WHat are the units of cutaneous resistance?

A

cm/sec

50
Q

What is cutaneous resistance?

A

the amount of water that is lost from the animals through the skin surface

51
Q

WHat is the relative cutaneous resistance of amphibians?

A

Low resistance to water loss since their skin is porous

52
Q

What is the relative cutaneous of replies?

A

high they hold water very well tough rugged skin

53
Q

What is the cutaneous resistance of slugs (mollusks)? and what helps prevent the water loss in these organisms?

A

resistance of 4

Their mucous coat helps prevent the water loss.

54
Q

What happens to the resistance of slugs as they begin to dry?

A

Their ability to resist water loss increases because the mucous gets thicker

55
Q

What is the resistance of the desert snails (mollusks)?

A

relatively high

56
Q

When are the desert snails active? WHen do they go into an estivation state?

A

Active during times of the year when its cool and when there is somewhat of moisture. WHen it becomes too hot they go into an estivation state and plucked right on top of the rocks in the blazing sun.

57
Q

During estivation how do the desert snails prevent water loss when they sit on top of rocks directly in the sun?

A

They have a resistance through their shell of 113,418.

58
Q

What kind of cutaneous resistance is found among the mollusks?

A

A wide range from 4 to 113,418.

59
Q

What type of scale is the cutaneous resistance scale?

A

Not linear! For example an animal with a resistance of 1 in order to double its water savings the resistance doesn’t go to 2 it would have to go to like 50.

60
Q

What is the resistance of tree snails?

A

Relatively high 400 because during the day the sun shines and the wind blows so the tops of trees can become dry.

61
Q

WHat does the tree snail secrete to retard water loss?

A

When the snail is plucked to the tree over the aperture there is some sort of mucosal covering that seals and hardens into an epifram that prevents water loss across the aperture.

62
Q

Is the epifram better developed in the arboreal snails or the ones that remain in the leaf litter?

A

The arboreal snails because in the trees they experience a dryer environment and are vulnerable to more water loss.

63
Q

Arthropods are _____ of water conservation.

A

masters

64
Q

What is one of the ways arthropods resist water loss?

A

They allow little to no water t be lost from their feces

65
Q

What is the relative cutaneous resistance of arthropods? give some examples

A

relatively high and efficient
ghost crabs:80
spiders:80-90

66
Q

Why would ghost crabs that live next to the water want to limit water loss?

A

They live in the air and saltwater so they are vulnerable to water loss

67
Q

Freshwater insects tend to have high or low cutaneous resistance and why?

A

They tend to have high resistance values of about 200-300 because since they live in freshwater they want to limit the amount of freshwater their body takes up so they have high resistance values to keep the water out

68
Q

What is the cutaneous resistance of desert scorpions?

A

high around 1000

69
Q

There are very few studies on evaporative water loss in fish why?

A

Fish live in the water so we don’t really think of them in the same venue as terrestrial animals.

70
Q

What physical feature of fish plays a role in limiting the amount of water loss or gain?

A

scales especially bony ones that overlap

71
Q

The common mud skipper will spend how much time out of the water?

A

about 90% of its time

72
Q

Since they spent a lot of time out of the water on the rocks these fish were predicted to have a high resistance values but when measured it was only .69 and .71. That seems relatively low what is an explanation?

A

Mudskippers are amphibious fish. They have low resistance because they use their skin to respire oxygen from the air. The fish cannot have a high resistance value in their skin since they use they skin to pick up oxygen.

73
Q

What is the best studied group in regards to water loss?

A

the amphibians

74
Q

Aquatic and semi aquatic frogs have what kind of resistance?

A

zero

75
Q

What is the resistance of terrestrial frogs and toads?

A

1, 1.2, 1.6 about 1-3

76
Q

What are water proof frogs?

A

In the tropical rainforest there are arboreal frogs that can get dried out very easily in the tops of the trees by the wind. These waterproof frogs are even more waterproof than normal frogs they have cutaneous lipid glands. They have a wiping behavior where they reach their hind leg back and whip the secretion all over themselves that helps prevent water loss. resistance 200-300

77
Q

What are casque headed frogs and what is their significance?

A

Their original resistance was found to be 1-2 which is odd because they live in the same vicinity of the waterproof frogs that have he wiping behavior and these frogs lack the cutaneous lipid glands. WHen the rain goes away and starts to dry out, they exploit holes drawn into the trees and modify them. Inside the opening in the tree the humidity would remain high but thee is a hole. The frog goes into the hole and then the frogs skin on the head is fused to the bone called coossification. and they will plug up the hole in the tree and retain the humidity inside and that area is about 400 on their head.

78
Q

What is the significance of estivating amphibians?

A

In the desert when it gets really hot these animals will estivate and they are called cacooning frogs. As the dry weather approaches they create more and mroe layers of epidermis and each time a new layer is made the old layer is pushed to the outside and they will form an enormously thick layer of dead skin around them. When the rains come back the frog will break out of its dead skin cocoon and will eat their dead skin for energy.

79
Q

What is the significance of the crab eating frog in southeast asia?

A

It is a semi aquatic frog and all other semi aquatic frogs have a resistance of zero. It is only truly marine amphibian - amphibians have porous skin so saltwater is normally death to them. Can survive 100% sea water. They build up resistance trying to acclimate to satlwater

80
Q

How were the reptiles freed from water?

A

amniotic egg

81
Q

What do vertebrates have in regards to skin?

A

Keratinized skin- dermal alive layer that produces epidermal cells so by the time the skin cells get to the surface they are dead they are keratinized tough and rugged.

82
Q

What is the keratin on the skin called?

A

corneum stratum

83
Q

How resistant is the stratum corneum?

A

very resistant to abrasion and prevents water loss

84
Q

What are the levels of water resistance in amniote vertebrates and what is this due to?

A

relatively high levels 50-200 and this is due to the keratinized skin the stratum corneum

85
Q

What is one of the exceptions to the amniote resistance level being 50-200?

A

Some aquatic reptiles breathe through their skin in certain area and on those ares the skin will be very thin and easily lose water. They are located under the appendages where they can be protected

86
Q

Female mother mammals tend to lose what?

A

Water from milk

87
Q

Why dont babies digest cows milk very well?

A

The high protein content in cows milk

88
Q

What did the harp seals replace the water content with?

A

fat

89
Q

What animal has the least amount of water in its milk?

A

the hooded seal 37% water in milk and 61% fat

90
Q

In four days baby seal go from what pound to what?

A

4 to 70 lbs to get them off the ice protect from polar bears

91
Q

What animal is the best at storing water?

A

chiroleptes-toad in the outback

92
Q

The heavy fat content in the milk of seals serves what purpose?

A

not to conserve water but to grow the young quickly

93
Q

What percent of kangaroo rat milk is fat? and why?

A

56% in this case the rats do it to conserve water

94
Q

For replties and amphibians that live in hot climates how do they store water?

A

They can store very dilute urine and reabsorb it. 50% body weight

Comparative FInal (7 decks)

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