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Comparative FInal > 3/25 Skeletal Systems > Flashcards

3/25 Skeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

WHat are the functions of the skeletal system?

A 
shape
support 
protection
locomotion
blood formation
buoyancy
respiration
sink for minerals
act as accessory structures-auditory ossicles
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2
Q

What is density?

A

g/cm3

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3
Q

What is the specific gravity of body fluids?

A

1

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4
Q

WHat are examples if flexible biological materials? and what is their specific gravity?

A

ligaments and tendons

1.3-1.5

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5
Q

WHat are some examples of rigid body materials? What is their specific gravity?

A

bone and exoskeletons

2-3

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6
Q

WHat are things that are elastic?

A

things difficult to deform. They want to maintain their shape.

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7
Q

What os the opposite of elasticity?

A

compliance-ability to lose your shape

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8
Q

in the elastic modulous graph what is one the x and y axis?

A

xaxis-strain

yaxis-stress

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9
Q

What is strain?

A

the amount of deformation

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10
Q

WHat is stress?

A

the amount of force applied

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11
Q

High slope = high ________

A

elastic modulus

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12
Q

In a _______ elastic modulus a lot of stress is applied with very little deformation.

A

high

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13
Q

What s the yield point?

A

it is a demarcation between the elastic zone and the plastic zone

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14
Q

What happens in the plastic zone?

A

small amount of force results in alot of deformation.

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15
Q

What is the fracture point? What is the area under the curve up to this point called?

A

Point at which the material breaks. All the area under the curve up to this point tell the ultimate strength of the material

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16
Q

What is the increasing order of steepness of elastic modulus graph between bone tendon/ligament and skeleton?

A

tendon/ligament< skeleton< bone

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17
Q

What is the elastic modulous used for in physiology?

A

To compare skeletons strength from different organisms

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18
Q

Elastic compounds are generally organic in nature. true or false

A

treu

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19
Q

what are eleastic organic compounds?

A

collagen

elastin

resilin

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20
Q

How can a flea jump so far?

A

fleas have pads on their legs named of resilin- when legs are cranked back and snapped froward resilin causes the snap to occur

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21
Q

In invertebrates what organic material do they use?

A

chiton-polysaccharide

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22
Q

What do elastic compounds resist?

A

tension and stretching/higher elastic modulus

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23
Q

What are the compounds that resist compression?

A

silica dioxide, diatoms, calcium carbonate

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24
Q

What are two compounds that use calcium and phosphate that resist compression and in what organism are each found?

A

hydroxyappetite in humans and organorite in fish

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25
Q

What are the three types of skeletons?

A
  1. endoskeleton
  2. exoskeleton
  3. hydraulic skeleton
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26
Q

WHat are some typical characteristics of endoskeletons?

A
  • covered by living layer of tissue(skin or muscle and can be thin or thick)
  • grow throughout life(not always true)
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of exoskeletons?

A
  • nonliving

- excreted by living cells but not covered by epidermis

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28
Q

what is the main difference between endo and exo skeletons?

A

endo has a living layer of tissue surrounding it and exo skeletons do not

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29
Q

What are some characteristics of hydraulic skeletons?

A

-pressure fluid filled compartments

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30
Q

What do hydraulic skeletons depend upon? give an example

A

the incompressible nature of fluids

for example water is compressed only by like 3-4 percent

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31
Q

what three elements are needed to build a hydraulic skeleton?

A
  1. fluid that must be enclosed in a limited space
  2. connective tissue that will enclose that fluid
  3. musculature
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32
Q

How is the connective tissue of the hydraulic skeletons arranged?

A

organized into consistent structural arrangement and the fibers that make them up are very regimented and if you measure the orientation angle between the fibers long axis= fiber angle

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33
Q

How is the fiber angle measured?

A

The measure of the angle made of the fibers of the connective tissue in regards to the long axis of the animals body

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34
Q

WHat does a high fiber angle mean? And what kind of movement is shown?

A

The muscles are almost perpendicular to the long axis. Supports side to side movement.

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35
Q

What is the fiber angle in the round worm ascerias?

A

75 degrees high fiber angle side to side angle

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36
Q

What does a low fiber angle mean? And what kind of movement does it support?

A

The angle is smaller with the long axis of the body and this low angle supports an elongation movement?

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37
Q

What is the fiber angle in the squid and how does it move?

A

25 degrees and it elongates when it moves

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38
Q

High and low angle are extremes on a continuum. true or false

A

true

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39
Q

The musculature in the hydraulic skeleton is sometimes called what? and what does this mean?

A

This musculature is sometimes called circular muscles . This mean that the muscle will connect to itself regardless of the orientation and does not connect to a bone or tendon.

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40
Q

What are the three different types of hydrastats?

A
  1. fluid and soft walls
  2. fluid and muscle cell
  3. fluid and rigid element
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41
Q

What types of animals use fluid and soft walls?

A

cndarians, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and some vertebrates

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42
Q

What type of fiber angle do echinoderms have and what skeleton do they have?

A

they have tubed feet and have ampullae. They have low fiber angle because they elongate.

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43
Q

What type of movement do earthworms have?

A

peristaltic movement and they can be either antigrade or retrograde depending on if they start at the beginning and go backwards or start at the back and go forwards-some animals can do both bc they have individual units in each

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44
Q

What types of vertebrates use fluid and soft wall hydrostats? And why do they need to use them?

A

Typically in animals that displace water such as fish and dolphins and whales. Fish have a side to side motion and dolphins and whales have a up and down motion.

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45
Q

How do fish and dolphins/whales use the hydrostats to move? how is the fiber angle used.

A

They typically have a power stroke and then use recoil of the body wall to make up the energy on the next stroke and a fiber angle in the body stores the energy and allows for easier recoil.

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46
Q

How do we know whales use fiber angles/hydrostat?

A

They have extremely large muscles on one side of the fluke that allows for the fluke to be pushed down and then on the opposite side of the fluke much smaller muscles are found do to the presence of a fiber angle that allows the fluke to be pulled up easier.

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47
Q

What type of fiber angle is found in whales and fish?

A

high fiber angle

48
Q

What does the fluid and muscle cell hydrostat depend on?

A

It uses the fact that muscle cells are little fluid filled cells themselves. So if you lay out muscle fibers in a certain orientation the fibers and the muscles that make them up become the hydrostat.

49
Q

What is a major advantage of the fluid muscle cell hydrostatic?

A

You can lay out the muscle fibers in different orientation on top of one another and create very sophisticated movements

50
Q

What is an example of a fluid muscle cell hydrostatic?

A

elephant trunks and tongue and tentacles on the squid and arms on the octopus

51
Q

Is the penis a hydrostatic muscle?

A

Because this is not a muscle but it is a hydrostatic element that has a high fiber angle

52
Q

How common are the fluid and rigid element hydrostats and what organisms are they normally found in?

A

The are not very common and typically limited to the animals with a rigid exoskeleton.

53
Q

What is an example that normally has a fluid and rigid element?

A

spiders

54
Q

What is the reason that spiders can jump great lengths?

A

They use their entire exoskeleton as a hydrostat. The only have flexor muscles and use the body as a hydrostatic structure to extend the legs and thus jump far.

55
Q

How many types of the skeletons do humans have and what are they?

A

We have an endoskeleton and some hydrostatic elements such as the tongue.

56
Q

Terrestrial animals require an enormous amount of support due to what force and what kind of skeleton do they have?

A

Gravity

rigid

57
Q

What is the difference between rigid skeletons of animals in water and on land?

A

The land skeletons must be more supportive because of the force of gravity placing extra weight on the skeleton. The skeletons in the water no so much because the water provides buoyancy.

58
Q

Freshwater animals require more support than saltwater why?

A

saltwater is even more buoyant than freshwater.

59
Q

The bones on an elephant have a greater cross sectional area then our bones why? what are their bones called?

A

Because they are so much larger than we are and we call their bones graviport bones-need to resist gravity.

60
Q

What is the difference between the skeleton of the elephant and the blue whale in regards to a terrestrial skeleton and a water skeleton?

A

The bones in a blue whale could not be as massive as the bones in an elephant even though it is a huge animals because great whales need far less support because they are in water and if the great whale had large graviport bones it would sink in the ocean.

61
Q

What are the bones of the great whales made of?

A

They are massive but contain little pores dimpled with oil that allows the skeleton to maintain a light weight.

62
Q

What is the pores of the blue whale purpose?

A

reduces the density of the bone

63
Q

What type of skeletons must birds have and why?

A

very light weight to be able to fly

64
Q

The birds entire evolution has been built around reducing weight, what changes have occurred?

A

Birds have no reproductive organs during the mating season, teeth replaces by bill, bones have been fused lost and modified into trabeculae bones

65
Q

What is trabeculae bones?

A

very sturdy bones that are also called spongy bone. They are hollow with a series of struts in it that lend support. adds to weight conservation.

66
Q

Why are our bones hollow in the middle?

A

Because a hollow tube aka bone will take more force before buckling than a solid tube

67
Q

What is the advantages of an endoskeleton?

A
  1. grow continuously
  2. Not always heavy
  3. takes a lot of force to buckle
  4. Damage to the skeleton is easily repaired
68
Q

what are the disadvantages of an endoskeleton?

A
  1. cartilage parts can not be repaired easy because it is avascular
69
Q

What are other animals where endoskeletons show up?

A

ossicles in starfish, spicules in sponges

70
Q

What are the two skeletal elements found in poriferians(sponges) and what are their functions?

A

spongin-flexibility

spicules-endoskeleton

71
Q

What is the significance of the notochord in the vertebrate endoskeleton?

A

it is the first skeleton vertebrae and distinguishes the vertebrates

72
Q

What animals do not have a veterbral column but are still placed in the vertebrates? and why are they placed here?

A

hagfish and lampreys and they have a cranium that gets them in

73
Q

What are the four bone types?

A

long, short, flat, and irregular

74
Q

What is the notochord?

A

a fibrous sheet nonliving and inside are the living caverness spongy cells filled with fluid and collagen and act as their own hydrstat

75
Q

Does the notochord become the vertebral column? And what is the remnants of it?

A

No the remnants of our notochord are the intervertebral disks

76
Q

All vertebrates in the ossified skeleton what is the arrangemnt of their calcium phosphate?

A

hydroxyappetite

77
Q

Osteocyctes are responsible for laying down the inorganic matrix they are encased in. true or false?

A

true

78
Q

What is the name of the canal in the middle of the osteon?

A

The haversian canal

79
Q

Bone is _______tissue in a _____ matrix.

A

living

mineral

80
Q

How do you get the co2 and other nutrients in and out of the bone?

A

caniculi- little canals

81
Q

many osteons make up what?

A

compact bone

82
Q

Why is compact bone so strong?

A

Because it is made up of many osteons each with have a hollow canal they are basically tubes within tubes.

83
Q

What cells are cartilage made of?

A

chondrocytes

84
Q

cartilage has a ______ metabolic rate

A

low

85
Q

the low metabolic rate of cartilage makes it avascular. Why is cartilage useful?

A

gives the skeleton flexibility and store the energy so we can reuse it

86
Q

How can large animals have only cartilage skeletons?

A

They cant their large parts of their skeleton are calcified.

87
Q

What are long bones used for?

A

movement

88
Q

WHere are most short bones found and what is their use?

A

hands and feet and for dexterity

89
Q

Where are flat bones found and what is their use?

A

sternum, ribs, pelvic, scapula and for attachment

90
Q

Where are irregular bones found and what is their use?

A

vertebral columns and ossicles in ear and hyoid bone and have specific special uses

91
Q

What is a pneumatized bones?

A

same as trabeculae bones air filled

92
Q

We have cartilage and bone. What is the equivalent to that in sponges?

A

Hard stuff=spicules

spongin-elastic

93
Q

What is the end product of ossification in compact bone?

A

The osteons are formed and make up bone and look like rings on a tree that allow the bone to be remodeled continuously.

94
Q

How much does our skeleton make up of our weight?

A

1/3 of our weight

95
Q

WHat are exoskeletons common in?

A

invertebrates and are not found as the main skeleton in any vertebrates but some parts of vertebrate skeletons have an exoskeleton characteristic

96
Q

How does the vertebrate skull resemble an exoskeleton?

A

It is covered by living tissue but in terms of functionality it acts more as an exoskeleton

97
Q

Scales are an exoskeleton like arrangement, why?

A

They are an endoskeleton bc they have a thin layer of living tissue that covers them and scales grow and are replaced throughout life but they are located on the outside again a protective function

98
Q

What is an exoskeleton?

A

Made of hard material located on the outside and nonliving. produced by epidermis.

99
Q

What are the advantages of the exoskeleton?

A
  1. weight advantage
  2. resist buckling-hollow better than
  3. Protective advantage-all the soft parts of the body are in the inside
  4. elastic advantage-can store energy in exoskeleton and allow you to do things such as insects flying and fleas that jump
100
Q

What are the disadvantages of the exoskeleton?

A
  1. compressive buckling
  2. risk of puncture
  3. impediment to grow-secrete them and must live with them and then loss of minerals when molt
  4. loss of mobility
101
Q

What is the most popular skeleton arrangement?

A

exoskeleton

102
Q

How does an exoskeleton increase its venerability to compressive buckling?

A

As you increase the diameter of the exoskeleton aka the diameter of the hollow tube then the chance for compressive bucking is also increased

103
Q

As the diameter of an exoskeleton is increased what happens to the exoskeleton?

A

This risk of compressive buckling and puncture are also increased.

104
Q

Why does the chance of puncture increase as the diameter of the exoskeleton is increased?

A

The ratio between the relative mass of the organism and the thickness of the walls of the exoskeleton is increased

105
Q

what is ecdysis?

A

to molt

106
Q

When an organism molts what is the disadvantages of that?

A

the animal is vulnerable for some time and it is wasteful of materials. material and mineral lost

107
Q

Why are exoskeletons so popular?

A

limited to a certain type of animal-small animals-beacause when the animals is small the risks are much lesser

108
Q

How many times do insects molt? and why?

A

3 times-limits their size

109
Q

Why do insects molt only 3 times and crabs molt forever?

A

carbs are in water they get bigger

110
Q

What is the outer most portion and the inner most portion of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

outer-epicuticle

inner-procuticle

111
Q

What is the inner most portion of the arthropod exoskeleton divided into?

A

exocuticle and the endocuticle

112
Q

Why is the epicuticle important?

A

It secretes waxes that make the epicuticle more or less impermeable to water and gases. This freed insects from water by retarding water loss.

113
Q

What is the importance of the exocuticle and the endocuticle?

A

The exocuticle contains components that are proteases and have been treated with phenols in the taning process. The endocuticle contains chiton.

114
Q

What is the tanning? How does this influence the exocuticle of an arthropod exoskeleton?

A

Tanning is the process that converts animal hides to leather and in this case the collagen that resist tension are crosslinked and when you tan them they become very rugged tough and hard to buckle. This process makes the exocuticle the strongest part of the exoskeleton.

115
Q

When insects molt they tend to conserve as much of the material that they can. true or false

A

true

Comparative FInal (7 decks)

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