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comparative final > Movement without Muscle 4/1 > Flashcards

Movement without Muscle 4/1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic types of muscle movement?

A

amoeboid
ciliary and flagella
muscle contraction
direct cell movement

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2
Q

What is an example of direct cell movement?

A

cytokinesis
movement of chromosomes by mitotic spindle

mediated by microtubules

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3
Q

At the small scale what forces in water dominant? At our scale what forces dominant?

A

Water is an allometric response. At our scale water is dominated by inertial forces. But at the smaller scale viscous forces dominant.

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4
Q

What is the different use of cilia and flagella when your small compared to when your large human sized?

A

Small organisms use cilia and flagella to move through the water and larger organisms use cilia and flagella to move water across their surface.

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5
Q

What is an example of cilia in the human body?

A

In the respiratory tract cilia move mucus and fluid out of the lungs

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6
Q

What are the contractile proteins?

A

Actin
intermediate fibers
tubulin

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7
Q

WHat are the molecular motors?

A

myosin
dynein
kinesin

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8
Q

What are the regulatory proteins?

A

tropomyosin
troponin
calmodulin
alpha-actinin

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9
Q

What are the three categories of molecules of motion?

A

contractile proteins
molecular motors
regulatory proteins

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10
Q

WHat are contractile proteins?

A

Passive components. They resist tension compression or both and can be used to push or pull things

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11
Q

What are the two form of actin?

A

G-actin

F-actin

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12
Q

What is G-actin look like?

A

It is a globular actin looks like a circle.

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13
Q

What is F-actin look like?

A

Filamentous actin. It is composed of a bunch of g actin subunits in like a chain of pearl like structure

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14
Q

What does the structure of F-actin do to the molecule.

A

The g actin forms f actin and f actin interacts with each other to reduce the total volume of the molecule and usually two F-actin strands will will but up together

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15
Q

F actin normally occurs in what

A

pairs

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16
Q

WHat do actin fibers reasist and does that mean they push or pull?

A

They resist tension so they pull.

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17
Q

Why is typical actin?

A

The first actin described and comes from muscles.

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18
Q

What is an important molecule of motion in amoeboid movement?

A

actin

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19
Q

What does tubulin resist? And does it push or pull?

A

compression and tension

pushes and pulls

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20
Q

What is tubulin composed of?

A

heterodimers-two monomer protein units of different sizes

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21
Q

The subunits of microtubulin will hook together and make what structure?

A

microtubule

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22
Q

what are the intermediate fibers?

A

catch all group for molecules that have smaller roles such as keratin, collagen

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23
Q

What do molecular motors require and why?

A

Atp because they are active

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24
Q

What are molecular motors?

A

Active molecules that have some enzyme activity (ATPase)

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25
Q

WHat is myosin?

A

a molecular motor

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26
Q

what is the shape of myosin?

A

contains a shaft followed by a hinge arrangement and a large globular head

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27
Q

In myosin where is the ATPase activity found?

A

in the globular head

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28
Q

Myosin interacts spontaneously with what other molecule?

A

Actin

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29
Q

where does a crossbridge form?

A

Between the globular head of myosin and actin in the presence of atp

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30
Q

In non muscle cells what is the difference in myosin?

A

The globular head is a little smaller and the shaft is thinner.

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31
Q

What is dynein?

A

A molecular motor an ATPase that also has a structural function with regards to microtubules bc dynein binds to 2 microtubules and produces a sliding movement between them

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32
Q

What do molecular motors exert motion wise?

A

Kind if sliding motion between tubular elements

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33
Q

Where is dynein expressed?

A

in cilia and flagella

34
Q

What is kinesin?

A

A molecular motor that is a soluble protein that is also associated with microtubules but does not result in a sliding motion it results movement of the kinesin molecule along the microtubule.

35
Q

What does the kinesin motor have the ability to grab onto in the cell? and what it do with them?

A

components in the cell such as vesicles or organelles and acts as the transport system in the cell

36
Q

Kinesin is unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

unidirectional moves in one direction

37
Q

What is the function of tropomyosin?

A

Tropomyosin binds to actin in a specific place and blocks the actin crossbridge formation site on the g actin subunits

38
Q

What does tropomyosin bind to and what organisms is it found in?

A

Binds to actin. Found in everything from mollusks to mammals

39
Q

What prevents actin from forming a crossbridge with myosin?

A

tropomyosin

40
Q

Tropomyosin will bind to a specific ____ actin subunit on a _____ actin strand.

A

G

F

41
Q

What does troponin do?

A

Bound permanently to the tropomyosin but on its free end it has the ability to bind to calcium when calcium is present in the cell cytosol

42
Q

WHat is troponin?

A

a calcium binding regulatory protein

43
Q

What is troponin bound to?

A

tropomyosin

44
Q

Is there a lot if calcium in the cytosol?

A

Barely any-4-7 orders of magnitude less present inside the cell

45
Q

Where is the only place troponin occurs?

A

muscle tissue

46
Q

What is calmodulin?

A

calcium binding regulatory protein that is found in all animal cells and activates calcium dependent enzyme cascades

47
Q

Can calmodulin regulate muscle contraction?

A

yes in certain conditions it is mostly found in the smooth muscle

48
Q

What is alpha-actinin?

A

form of actin that takes on structural importance bc it will form the boundaries of the sarcomere and give it a place to bind and pull against

49
Q

How does amoeboid movement works?

A

no sure yet but there a bunch of hypothesis

50
Q

What are all the hypothesis of amoeboid movement?

A
  1. Cell membrane contractile elements that act kinda like cytokinesis-NO
  2. electrical event-depolarization NO

3.

51
Q

What is the most plausible reason how amoeboid movement occurs?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming. Related to the cytosol inside the cell itself. In the presence of the regulatory and contractile protein to move from a sol state to a gel state. In the presence of calcium calcium will bind to the actin and then the myosin will bind to that and stiffen up gel up. The stiff sides are being pushed and moved up into the middle and the cytosol reverts to sol state and is pushed up and makes it way to the top and is forced back turns into gel state. The flow juts out forms a pseudopod.

52
Q

What is the sol and gel state in amoeboid movement?

A

sol-freely flowing

gel-gelatinous thick and doesn’t move well

53
Q

How is amoeboid movement regulated?

A

Myosin regulated

54
Q

How is muscle regulated?

A

actin regulated

55
Q

What is the ectoplasm of the amoeboid movement?

A

It is the gel like outside of the amoeboid that results from the myosin binding to the calcium bound actin.

56
Q

What is endoplasm in amoeboid movement?

A

The inside hat is sol state free flowing

57
Q

why does the cytoplasmic streaming not explain all of amoeboid movement?

A

Many pseudopodes can be made and they form very quick and intricate, not all the regulartory mechanisms are know.

58
Q

How do you make microtubules?

A

Take units of tubulin and string them together end to end it makes a microtubule

59
Q

What is the traditional formatting for the units of tubulin in a cilia/flagella microtubule?

A

9+2 arrangement

60
Q

What is the 9+2 arrangement?

A

Nine doublets of tubulin around the outside and then a single doublet in the middle

61
Q

What is the movement patterns in flagella?

A

side to side in a single plane or whipping around like a propeller

62
Q

What was the original mechanism of movement thought to occur in cilia and flagella and what is it actually?

A

Originally thought that the two microtubules next to each other were shortening and lengthening due to the subunits being removed and as the short one shrunk the long one followed because they are connected. This could not be possible since the movement is extremely rapid. Instead we now know there are 2 microtubular elements and one has dynein attached to it as well as little extensions that allow it to grip on to the second tubule. so now when atp is present there is movement in the molecular motor and the microtubule with the attached molecular motor dynein shimmies up or slides down the second microtubule.

63
Q

What is the molecular motor that is involved with microtubulues in cilia and flagella?

A

dynein

64
Q

Looking through the microscope flagella and cilia are difficult to tell apart. Why is this?

A

Looking through a microscope you are looking at physical characteristics such as size, number of, and comparsion between the two but if you have no comparison these measurements dont mean a lot.

65
Q

What is a major way to distinguish between cilia and flagella?

A

Movement pattern and the presence of a recovery stroke in cilia

66
Q

What type of movement is found in cilia?

A

Power stroke and have a recovery stroke

67
Q

How many types of movement are found in cilia and flagella?

A

1(power stroke) and 2(side to side single plane and whipping 2D) respectively

68
Q

What type of movement is seen in cilia that is not seen in flagella at all?

A

Recovery stroke

69
Q

What is the recovery stroke of cilia?

A

a graded or feathered stroke like when you swim you have a power stroke with your arms then slowly bring then back up in front that is the recovery stroke and flagella dont have recovery stroke

70
Q

Is there a recovery stroke in flagella?

A

no always power

71
Q

Describe the movement of cilia when you have many many of them in the same area?

A

unified - metocrony- specific direction and effectively

72
Q

What are the two hypothesis that explain how the metochronous movement of cilia is set up??

A
  1. neuroid hypothesis

2. coupled oscillator hypothesis

73
Q

WHat is the neuroid hypothesis?

A

neuroid means nerve like. The waves start in specific regions and move outward. The hypothesis believes the movement is originated in a pacemaker region in the cell membrane that will spontaneously move due to depolarization of mechanics. membrane effect

74
Q

What is the coupled oscillator hypothesis?

A

This hypothesis moves away from the origin of movement in the cell membrane and looks more at the actual forces the viscous forces acting to making the waves. At this small scale as one cilia moves it pulls others with it causing unified waves. viscous effect

75
Q

The response of cilia is graded or all or none? What hypothesis does this support?

A

graded

coupled oscillator hypothesis

76
Q

If cilia are moved away from one another they move independent of one another. Which hypothesis does this support?

A

coupled oscillator hypothesis

77
Q

Can cilia reverse direction and change speed? And what hypothesis does this support and refute?

A

yes
supports coupled oscillator
refute neuroid hypothesis

78
Q

what are the disadvantages of cilia?

A

only work on small animals

79
Q

What is the difference in the way cilia use is dominated in small animals and in large ones?

A

In small animals less than couple cm cilia is used for locomotion of the body through fluid and in large animals cilia is used to move fluid across the body such as in lungs and fallopian tubules

80
Q

What is the largest animal that uses cilia for movement?

A

comb jellies

comparative final (7 decks)

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