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Cell Phys Exam 4 > Water Balance 1 > Flashcards

Water Balance 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 important things related to water balance for maintaining life?

A
  1. The proper amount of body water
  2. The correct proportion of water and electrolytes in the water
  3. The proper acid-base balance
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2
Q

T/F: Water has an overall neutral charge, with electrons that are asymmetrically distributed, making it a polar molecule.

A

True

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3
Q

How can water molecules join together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

Define solution, solute and solvent.

A

Solution: a substance dissolved in a liquid; the dissolved substance is the solute; the liquid is the solvent.

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5
Q

What are molecules composed of ions or polar molecules that attract water through electrical charge?

A

Hydrophilic molecules

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6
Q

What are hydrophobic molecules?

A

Molecules that contain nonpolar bonds and are insoluble in water.

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7
Q

How much of the total body weight is water?

A

60%

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8
Q

What are the percentages of ECF and ICF, respectively?

A

20% of body weight (1/3), 40% of body weight (2/3).

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9
Q

What are the two components of extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid

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10
Q

Where is interstitial fluid found in the body?

A

In the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

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11
Q

Where is blood plasma found in the body?

A

The liquid portion of blood within blood vessels.

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12
Q

Where is transcellular fluid located?

A

lymph in lymphatic vessels;
cerebrospinal fluid in the brain; synovial fluid in joints; aqueous humor and vitreous body
in the eyes; endolymph and perilymph in the ears; pleural, pericardial and peritoneal
fluids between serous membranes; and glomerular filtrate in the kidneys.

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13
Q

When is an animal in fluid balance?

A

When the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment.

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14
Q

What are 3 sources of water intake?

A
  1. Ingested liquid- drinking
  2. Ingested moist foods
  3. Metabolic water- by-product of respiration
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15
Q

What is preformed water?

A

The main source of body water is ingested liquids and moist foods.

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16
Q

What are 4 ways water is lost in the body?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Skin
  3. Lungs
  4. GI tract
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17
Q

Which way is water excreted the MOST?

A

Kidneys in urine

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18
Q

What is the main way of regulating body fluid gain?

A

By adjusting the volume of preformed water intake, mainly by drinking more or less fluids.

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19
Q

T/F: Fluid gain due to formation of metabolic water is regulated to maintain homeostasis of body water.

A

False; is NOT regulated.

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20
Q

How is water lost via insensible perspiration?

A

The gradual movement of water across the skin and respiratory tract -> exhalation.

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21
Q

What is sensible perspiration?

A

Water lost from sweating.

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22
Q

How is the plasma membrane used as a fluid compartment?

A

Separates intracellular fluid from interstitial fluid.

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23
Q

How are blood vessel walls used as a fluid compartment?

A

Divide interstitial fluid from blood plasma.

24
Q

How is blood used for movement of body fluids?

A

Blood transports and exchanges materials b/w body cells and the outside world.

25
Q

What other ways, besides blood, are body fluids moved throughout the body?

A

Nutrients from food are distributed through the body, oxygen through the lungs then blood, waste products from metabolism processes diffuse from cells into blood, wastes excreted in urine.

26
Q

How are substances moved between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Across capillary walls.

27
Q

Substances enter and leave capillaries in what 3 ways?

A
  1. Vesicular transport
  2. Diffusion
  3. Bulk flow
28
Q

What is Vesicular transport?

A

Substances in the blood plasma cross the capillary wall first by endocytosis into an endothelial cell and then by exocytosis into interstitial fluid.

29
Q

T/F: Vesicular transport accounts for a small portion of the exchange b/w plasma and interstitial fluid.

A

True.

30
Q

T/F: Most substances in blood or interstitial fluid CAN’T cross capillary walls by diffusion.

A

False; most substances CAN.

31
Q

Which process accounts for the largest part of capillary exchange in most body tissue?

A

Diffusion.

32
Q

Give an example of diffusion.

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w the blood & lungs.

33
Q

What is one exception where substances are blocked from diffusing?

A

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

34
Q

What does Bulk Flow consist of?

A

Filtration and reabsorption.

35
Q

What is the net movement of materials from the blood

into interstitial fluid?

A

Filtration

36
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Net movement of material from interstitial fluid into blood.

37
Q

T/F: Filtration predominates at the arteriolar end of capillaries. Reabsorption predominates at the venule end of capillaries.

A

True

38
Q

Fluid that does not get reabsorbed goes where?

A

To the lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, circulatory system.

39
Q

The movement of water from one body compartment to

another is controlled primarily by 2 forces?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

40
Q

The movement of fluid by hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure is?

A

Bulk Flow

41
Q

T/F: Any factor that affects the net hydrostatic or osmotic pressures will alter the distribution of fluids within the ECF.

A

True

42
Q

What is edema?

A

The movement of abnormal amounts of water from the plasma into the interstitial fluid.

43
Q

What causes localized edema?

A

Damage to capillary walls, bruising and constriction of regional venous circulation, or blockage of the lymphatic drainage.

44
Q

What will changes in the concentration of major solutes in the plasma or interstitial fluid will have a major effect
on?

A

Water distribution

45
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Compounds that dissociate into ions when in solution, and are able to conduct electricity.

46
Q

What are the 4 main functions of electrolytes in the body?

A
  1. Cell metabolism & contribute to body structures.
  2. Facilitate osmotic movement of H2O b/w body compartments.
  3. Help maintain [H+] required for normal cell function.
  4. Production & maintenance of membrane
    potentials and action potentials.
47
Q

What are the principle ions in the ECF?

A

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate

48
Q

Which ions are found in the ICF?

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, (-) charged proteins

49
Q

T/F: Despite the differences in the concentration of specific substances, the intracellular and extracellular osmolarities are identical.

A

True

50
Q

Fluid movement between the intracellular compartments is regulated by which two pressures?

A

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

51
Q

If sodium increases outside the cell, will the cell swell or shrink?

A

Shrink, there will be a net movement of water from the cells into the interstitial spaces by osmosis.

52
Q

If there is a decrease in plasma sodium, will the cell swell or shrink?

A

Swell, there will be a net movement of water from the

plasma into the interstitial fluid.

53
Q

T/F: Transcellular fluid represents a significant fraction of the total body water.

A

False, insignificant.

54
Q

T/F: the transcellular compartment as a whole usually does not reflect changes the fluid balance of the body.

A

True

55
Q

Give some examples of where transcellular fluid is found in the body.

A

Pleural fluid, glomerular filtrate, CSF, intraocular fluid

56
Q 
Which of the following ions is abundantly present in the ICF?
A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Chloride
D. Phosphate
A

Phosphate

57
Q

Concerning water balance and body fluids which of the following is true?
A. Plasma is part of the ICF
B. In the spaces between cells there is no water
C. Water can be produced in the cells (metabolic water)

A

Water can be produced in the cells (metabolic water)

Cell Phys Exam 4 (6 decks)

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