Water and Major Minerals

Question 1

Precious Resource

Answer 1

Safe drinking water, 60% (45-65) of young adult’s (19-50) body weight, proportion of water less in females, obese, and elderly because of smaller proportion of lean body mass

Question 2

Basic Functions of Water

Answer 2

Transport of nutrients and waste products, Lubrication, Maintenance of blood volume, Participation in chemical reactions, Solvent for nutrients, Regulation of body temperature

Question 3

Input of Water

Answer 3

Liquids (550-1500mL), Metabolic Water (200-300mL) and Food (700-1000mL)

Question 4

Output of Water

Answer 4

Skin (450-900mL), Lungs (350mL), Kidneys (500-1400mL), Feces (150mL)

Question 5

Water Consumption Effects

Answer 5

Urinary stone disease, Cancer, Salivary gland function, Mitral valve prolapse, Dehydration in elderly, Several other

Question 6

Adverse Dehydration Effects

Answer 6

Mild: thirst, fatigue, loss of appetite, generalized weakness
Moderate: headache, difficulty, irritability
Severe: loss of balance and delirium

Question 7

RDA of water

Answer 7

Expend 2000calories- Need 2-3L of water (7-11 cups)

Question 8

Major versus Trace Minerals

Answer 8

Major: Amt larger than 5g, Pound = 454g, Only Ca and P in amt larger than pound
Trace: More than dozen

Question 9

Sodium

Answer 9

Major cation of extra-cellular fluid, Maintenance of acid-base balance, Essential for nerve transmission and muscle contraction

Question 10

Food Sources of Sodium

Answer 10

Table salt, Soy sauce, Vegetables, Processed foods, Meats

Question 11

Chloride

Answer 11

Major anion of ECF, Maintenance of normal fluid and electrolyte balance, Maintenance of gastric acidity

Question 12

Food Sources of Chloride

Answer 12

Meats, Milk, Eggs, Processed food

Question 13

Potassium

Answer 13

Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, Cell integrity, Nerve impulse transmission, Muscle contractions, Cardiac support

Question 14

Potassium Deficiency

Answer 14

Diabetic acidosis, Dehydration, Diarrhea, Prolonged vomiting

Question 15

Potassium Deficiency Clinical Symptoms

Answer 15

Muscular weakness, Paralysis, Confusion

Question 16

Potassium Food Sources

Answer 16

Fruits and vegetables

Question 17

Calcium

Answer 17

Most abundant mineral in body, Only Ca and P present in amount larger than pound, 99% in bones and teeth, Mineralization of bones and teeth

Question 18

Other calcium functions

Answer 18

Blood clotting, Nerve conduction, Muscle contraction, Regulation of enzyme action, Membrane permeability, Maintenance of immunity, Regulation of blood pressure

Question 19

Calcium Absorption

Answer 19

Highly regulated process influenced by several factors-nutrients, hormones and physical activity

Question 20

Factors that enhance calcium absorption

Answer 20

Vitamin D, Lactose, Ca:P ratio, Hormones that promote growth

Question 21

Factors that decrease calcium absorption

Answer 21

High fiber diet, Phytates, Oxalates, High protein diet, Aging

Question 22

Food Calcium sources

Answer 22

Milk and milk products

Question 23

RDA Dietary Calcium Reference Intakes

Answer 23

Adults (19-50)- 1000 mg/day
Adults (51+)- 1200mg/day
Tolerable upper level- 2500 mg/day

Question 24

Calcium deficiency

Answer 24

Children- Stunted growth (less common, Rickets)

Adults- Osteoporosis (loss of bone), Osteomalacia (softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization)

Question 25

Risk factors for Osteoporosis

Answer 25

Female, Aging, Caucasion/Asian, Thinness, Cigarette smoking, Alcoholism, Ovarectomy, Physical inactivity, Deficient vitamin D, High animal protein intake

Question 26

Phosphorus

Answer 26

80% found in bones and teeth in form of calcium phosphate, Component of many enzyme systems, Participates in acid-base balance

Question 27

Phosphorus Recommendations and Intakes

Answer 27

Diets provide adequate energy and protein also supply adequate phosphorus, Processed foods (soft drinks) are usually high in phosphorus (from additives), Dietary deficiency of Phosphorus is rare

Question 28

Magnesium

Answer 28

Chlorophyll in plants as iron is to hemoglobin in humans, Vital role in biochemical reactions, Contributes to DNA/RNA synthesis, Essential for nerve and heart function, Essential for stabilization of tooth enamel

Question 29

Magnesium in Dental Health

Answer 29

Prevents dental caries, Associated with periodontal health

Question 30

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

Answer 30

Rare- except diseases or conditions such as alcoholism, malnutrition

Question 31

Magnesium significant food

Answer 31

Nuts, legumes, whole grains, vegetables

Question 32

Sulfur

Answer 32

As part of proteins, sulfur stabilizes shape by forming disulfide bridges; Part of biotin, thiamin and hormone insulin

Question 33

Macrominerals and Hypertension

Answer 33

Macrominerals- Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium related to blood pressure maintenance; Future research will reveal definitive roles for minerals