Trace Minerals- Part II Flashcards
Iodine
Constituent of thyroid hormones- Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine)
Role of Thyroid Hormones in Body
Basal metabolic rate, Oxygen consumption, Regulation of body temperature, Synthesis of RBC, Development of nervous system
Iodine Deficiency
Dietary insufficiency of iodine, Ingestion of goitrogens
Goitrogens
Substances that suppress function of thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can cause enlargement of thyroid-goiter
Goiter Symptoms
Not all cause symptoms; Visible swelling at base of neck, Coughing, Hoarseness, Difficulty swallowing and breathing, Sluggishness/lethargy, Weight gain
Cretinism
6million children worldwide, Mental deficiency (IQ-20), Hearing loss, Motor disorders (Spasticity or Rigidity)
Food Sources of Iodine
Iodized salt, Bread, Dairy products, Vegetable
RDA Iodine
Adults- Males/Females: 150microg/day
Upper level- 1.1mg/day
Toxicity of Iodine
Severe enlargement of thyroid gland, Depressed thyroid activity
Fluoride
Mineralization of teeth and bones, Protect teeth by preventing demineralization and promotes remineralization (90-92% adults with decayed, missing or filled teeth- 1ppm fluoride water)
Fluorapatite Formation
Hydroxyapatite to Fluorapatite
Fluoride Intake
Adults- Males: 3.8mg/day
Females: 3.1mg/day
Fluoride Food Sources
Drinking water, Tea, Seafood
Fluorosis
Excess exposure to fluoride; Acute toxicity (150ppm) leads to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, acidosis and cardiac arrhythmias
Copper
100mg of Copper, Occurs in muscles, liver, brain and blood; Constituent of several enzymes, Key role in iron metabolism
Copper Deficiency
Observed in malnourished children, Caused by excess zinc consumption, Symptoms of anemia and bone abnormality
Food Sources of Copper
Legumes, Whole grains, Nuts/seeds, Organ meats, Shellfish
Manganese
Body with minute amounts (20mg), Mostly in bones and metabolically active organs like liver, kidneys and pancreas; Cofactor for many enzymes, Formation of connective tissue, bones, bloodclotting factors, etc; Normal brain and nerve function required
Manganese Deficiency
Rarely, High intakes of Iron and calcium limit manganese absorption
Food Sources of Manganese
Whole grains, Nuts, Leafy green vegetables, Tea, Legumes
Manganese Toxicity
Occurs in specific populations like miners, Results in brain disease characterized by abnormalities in appearance and behavior
Chromium
Essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Contributes to glucose homeostasis as part of glucose tolerance factors (GTF)
Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)
Biologically active form of trivalent chromium, GTF enhances insulin effectiveness; Absence of chromium-Diabetes-like condition
Chromium Food Sources
Whole grains, Meat, Vegetable oil, Mushrooms
Chromium Picolinate Supplements
Control of blood sugar, weight loss and other conditions; Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements is uncertain
Molybdenum
Cofactor for several enzymes; Significant food sources include legumes, cereals and organ meats
Contaminant Mineral
Lead, Arsenic and Mercury
Risks for Herbal Medications/Preparations
Several contaminants involved in manufacture of herbal medicines; Interactions of herbs and medicines
Individuals/Populations Benefit from Mineral Supplements
Infants/Children, Pregnancy/Lactating women, Elderly, Patients suffering chronic disease
