Trace Minerals- Part II

Question 1

Iodine

Answer 1

Constituent of thyroid hormones- Triiodothyronine, Tetraiodothyronine (Thyroxine)

Question 2

Role of Thyroid Hormones in Body

Answer 2

Basal metabolic rate, Oxygen consumption, Regulation of body temperature, Synthesis of RBC, Development of nervous system

Question 3

Iodine Deficiency

Answer 3

Dietary insufficiency of iodine, Ingestion of goitrogens

Question 4

Goitrogens

Answer 4

Substances that suppress function of thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can cause enlargement of thyroid-goiter

Question 5

Goiter Symptoms

Answer 5

Not all cause symptoms; Visible swelling at base of neck, Coughing, Hoarseness, Difficulty swallowing and breathing, Sluggishness/lethargy, Weight gain

Question 6

Cretinism

Answer 6

6million children worldwide, Mental deficiency (IQ-20), Hearing loss, Motor disorders (Spasticity or Rigidity)

Question 7

Food Sources of Iodine

Answer 7

Iodized salt, Bread, Dairy products, Vegetable

Question 8

RDA Iodine

Answer 8

Adults- Males/Females: 150microg/day

Upper level- 1.1mg/day

Question 9

Toxicity of Iodine

Answer 9

Severe enlargement of thyroid gland, Depressed thyroid activity

Question 10

Fluoride

Answer 10

Mineralization of teeth and bones, Protect teeth by preventing demineralization and promotes remineralization (90-92% adults with decayed, missing or filled teeth- 1ppm fluoride water)

Question 11

Fluorapatite Formation

Answer 11

Hydroxyapatite to Fluorapatite

Question 12

Fluoride Intake

Answer 12

Adults- Males: 3.8mg/day

Females: 3.1mg/day

Question 13

Fluoride Food Sources

Answer 13

Drinking water, Tea, Seafood

Question 14

Fluorosis

Answer 14

Excess exposure to fluoride;
Acute toxicity (150ppm) leads to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, acidosis and cardiac arrhythmias

Question 15

Copper

Answer 15

100mg of Copper, Occurs in muscles, liver, brain and blood; Constituent of several enzymes, Key role in iron metabolism

Question 16

Copper Deficiency

Answer 16

Observed in malnourished children, Caused by excess zinc consumption, Symptoms of anemia and bone abnormality

Question 17

Food Sources of Copper

Answer 17

Legumes, Whole grains, Nuts/seeds, Organ meats, Shellfish

Question 18

Manganese

Answer 18

Body with minute amounts (20mg), Mostly in bones and metabolically active organs like liver, kidneys and pancreas; Cofactor for many enzymes, Formation of connective tissue, bones, bloodclotting factors, etc; Normal brain and nerve function required

Question 19

Manganese Deficiency

Answer 19

Rarely, High intakes of Iron and calcium limit manganese absorption

Question 20

Food Sources of Manganese

Answer 20

Whole grains, Nuts, Leafy green vegetables, Tea, Legumes

Question 21

Manganese Toxicity

Answer 21

Occurs in specific populations like miners, Results in brain disease characterized by abnormalities in appearance and behavior

Question 22

Chromium

Answer 22

Essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Contributes to glucose homeostasis as part of glucose tolerance factors (GTF)

Question 23

Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF)

Answer 23

Biologically active form of trivalent chromium, GTF enhances insulin effectiveness; Absence of chromium-Diabetes-like condition

Question 24

Chromium Food Sources

Answer 24

Whole grains, Meat, Vegetable oil, Mushrooms

Question 25

Chromium Picolinate Supplements

Answer 25

Control of blood sugar, weight loss and other conditions; Evidence for effectiveness of chromium supplements is uncertain

Question 26

Molybdenum

Answer 26

Cofactor for several enzymes; Significant food sources include legumes, cereals and organ meats

Question 27

Contaminant Mineral

Answer 27

Lead, Arsenic and Mercury

Question 28

Risks for Herbal Medications/Preparations

Answer 28

Several contaminants involved in manufacture of herbal medicines; Interactions of herbs and medicines

Question 29

Individuals/Populations Benefit from Mineral Supplements

Answer 29

Infants/Children, Pregnancy/Lactating women, Elderly, Patients suffering chronic disease