Vitamins

Question 1

Are vitamins essential?

Answer 1

Indispensable in human diets-Can’t be synthesized in sufficient quantity to meet individual needs; Vital dietary component; Vitamins with diverse biochemical functions;

Question 2

How many vitamins are universally recognized at present?

Answer 2

13

Question 3

History

Answer 3

Certain foods cured “illnesses”
Ancient Egyptians treated night blindness with juice from liver
Diseases like Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra and Pernicious Anemia prevented

Question 4

Vitamins Definition

Answer 4

Organic, essential nutrients required in small, limited amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction or maintenance of health and life

Question 5

Vitamine

Answer 5

Vital (Life)

Amine (Contain Nitrogen)

Question 6

Examples of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 6

B-Vitamins and Vitamin C

Question 7

Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 7

Directly into blood

Question 8

Transport of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 8

Travel freely

Question 9

Storage of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 9

Freely circulate in water-filled parts of the body

Question 10

Excretion of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 10

Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine

Question 11

Toxicity of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 11

Possible when consumed from supplements

Question 12

Requirements of Water-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 12

Frequent doses (1-3days)

Question 13

Examples of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 13

Vitamins A, D, E and K

Question 14

Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 14

First into lymph, then blood

Question 15

Transport of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 15

Many require protein carriers

Question 16

Storage of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 16

Trapped in cells associated with fat

Question 17

Excretion of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 17

Less readily excreted, the to remain in fat-storage sites

Question 18

Toxicity of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 18

Likely to reach toxic levels, when consumed from supplements

Question 19

Requirements of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Answer 19

Needed in periodic doses (Weeks or months)

Question 20

Coenzymes

Answer 20

Organic, dialyzable, thermostable molecule that functions with enzyme to facilitate biochemical reaction (B-Vitamins)

Question 21

Thiamin

Answer 21

First vitamin discovered (1926-1936); Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) is coenzyme vital to tissue respiration (co-carboxylase)

Question 22

Thiamin Triphosphate (TTP)

Answer 22

Regulates nerve impulse transmission, concentrated in neuronal cells and other excitable tissues like skeletal muscle (Non-coenzyme)

Question 23

Beriberi

Answer 23

“I can not, I can not.” in Sinhalese
Thiamin deficient individuals are weak due to impaired function of cardiovascular, muscular, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems
Symptoms: appetite loss, weight loss (marasmic), fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, edema, dyspnea, cyanosis, cardiac failure/death
Dry: Peripheral neuropathy and extreme wasting
Wet: Peripheral neuropathy and congestive heart failure

Question 24

Infantile Beriberi

Answer 24

Breast-fed infant from mother with beriberi-thiamin deficiency; mainly “Wet”-heart failure and marked peripheral edema; fatal-acute onset, formerly common in East Asian countries where rice is consumed, reversible with Thiamin (B1), occurs 2-6months

Question 25

RDA/DRI for Adult Males/Females of Thiamin

Answer 25

Males: 1.2mg/day Females: 1.1/mg/day

Question 26

Food sources of Thiamin

Answer 26

Pork, Whole-grain products, Legumes

Question 27

Thiamin Clinical Applications

Answer 27

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), Thiamin responsive megaloblastic anemia, Thiamin responsive lactic acidosis

Question 28

Riboflavin Role

Answer 28

Precursor of essential coenzymes, Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), Coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions, Participation in drug metabolism, Lipid metabolism and Powerful antioxidant

Question 29

Ariboflavinosis

Answer 29

Deficiency; Early symptoms- Weakness, Fatigue, Mouth pain and tenderness, Photophobia, Personality change; Advanced symptoms- Cheilosis, Angular Stomatitis, Glossitis, Dermatitis, Corneal vascularization, Anemia, Brain dysfunction; Conditions that increase risk- Congenital heart disease, Certain cancers, Alcoholism, Diabetes mellitus, trauma and stress, Thyroid disease, Oral contraceptives

Question 30

DRI for Adult Males/Females of Riboflavin

Answer 30

Males: 1.3mg/day Females: 1.1/mg/day

Question 31

Food Sources of Riboflavin

Answer 31

Milk and other dairy products, Whole grain/enriched bread and cereal products, Dark green leafy vegetables

Question 32

Niacin Role

Answer 32

Precursor of coenzymes- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), Several enzymes (dehydrogenases) require NAD and NADP; Coenzymes participate in oxidation-reduction reactions (essential for energy production)

Question 33

Pellagra

Answer 33

Deficiency disease Pelle = Skin Agra = Rough

Question 34

The four D's of Pellagra

Answer 34

Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea, Death

Question 35

Pellagra Symptoms

Answer 35

Sensitivity to sunlight, Aggressive behavior, Dermatitis, Alopecia, Glossitis, Insomnia, Mental Confusion, Ataxia, Paralysis of extremities, Diarrhea, Dementia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy (heart becomes weak and enlarged)

Question 36

DRI for Adult Males/Females of Niacin

Answer 36

Males: 16 NE/day Females: 14 NE/day 1 NE = 60mg tryptophan = 1mg niacin

Question 37

Food Sources of Niacin

Answer 37

Protein rich food (Meat, fish, poultry and peanut butter), Enriched breads and cereal, Whole grains

Question 38

Clinical Applications of Niacin

Answer 38

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia, mental disorders, arthritis, dermatological conditions