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Nutrition 251 > Water and Major Minerals > Flashcards

Water and Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Water that resides between cells in the body is known as _________ fluid.

A

interstitial fluid

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2
Q

What is the recommendation for fluid intake for someone who is consuming about 2500 kcal/day?

A

5 L

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3
Q

The major function of the tubules in the nephron (of kidney) of healthy adults is to…..

A

reabsorb water back into the blood compartment.

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4
Q

Drinking alcohol causes the inhibition of your antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and thus inhibits….

A

the reabsorption off water by kidneys

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5
Q

When salt dissociates in water it separates into _____ and _____.

A

cations and anions

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
ORT’s (Oral Rehydration Therapy) fame was that it was the first effective rehydration therapy for young children in poor countries.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Two slices of turkey salami contains 610 mg of sodium. The nutrition facts labrls reads that this is what % DV for sodium?

A

25%

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A sodium sensitive person put on a low sodium diet will respond with a decease in blood pressure.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

In bone, ________ ______ and _______ stimulate bone breakdown and work to increase blood calcium.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and active vitamin D

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The risk for osteoporosis is higher in men.

A

FALSE

It is higher in women

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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The risk for osteoporosis increases in women who are postmenopausal and for underweight individuals.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

How many milligrams of calcium are in 1.5 oz of cheese?

A

300 mg

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Magnesium is only found in plant foods.

A

FALSE

Mg is found in foods across all food groups

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14
Q

A lot of the body’s magnesium is found in the _____.

A

bone

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15
Q

Hair contains ____ as part of some amino acids.

A

sulfur

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16
Q

Beef is rich in ____ iron and this form of iron has _____ bioavailability than the iron in spinach.

A
  1. heme

2. higher

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17
Q

Nonehem iron absorption is reduced by _____.

A

phytates

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18
Q

After iron enters the intestinal cell, it is stored on ________.

A

ferritin

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19
Q

_______________ is a disease characterized by the over absorption of iron.

A

Hemochromatosis

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20
Q

A classic sign of zinc deficiency is ______ ______.

A

growth retardation

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21
Q

Zinc is stored in the intestinal cell as part of _________.

A

metallothinonein

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22
Q

Fluorosis occurs when fluoride is in _______ in water.

A

excess

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23
Q

The enzyme glutathione peroxidase is paired with what mineral?

A

selenium

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24
Q

What is the most essential nutrient for the body?

A

Water

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25
Q

Water comprises approximately _____% of an adult’s body weight.

A

60% (12 gallons of water)

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26
Q

Lean tissue is about ____% water and adipose tissue is about ____%.

A
  1. 75%

2. 20%

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27
Q

Water compartments in the body are differentiated as ______ or _______.

A
  1. intracellular

2. extracellular

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28
Q

_________ fluid includes fluid in the blood vessels and water found in tissues surrounding cells.

A

extracellular

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29
Q

Name the 6 functions of water

A
  1. Carrier of nutrients and waste
  2. Serves as a solvent
  3. Pparticipates in chemical reactions
  4. Llubricates joints and eyeball sockets
  5. Regulates body temperature
  6. Maintains blood volume
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30
Q

Recommendations for water intake vary depending on _____, ____, _____, and ______.

A
  1. body size
  2. activity
  3. temperature
  4. humidity
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31
Q

On average in the U.S. adult water recommendations are approximately ____ to ____ ml/kcal expended.

A

1.0 to 1.5 ml/kcal

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32
Q

How many milliliters of water come from food per day?

A

700-1,000 ml

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33
Q

How many milliliters of water come from water or beverages per day?

A

550-1,500 ml

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34
Q

How many milliliters of water are created by metabolism each day?

A

200-300 ml

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35
Q

How many milliliters of water are excreted by feces per day?

A

150 ml

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36
Q

How many milliliters of water are excreted by breath each day?

A

350 ml

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37
Q

How many milliliters of water are excreted by skin and sweat each day?

A

450-900 ml

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38
Q

How many milliliters of water are excreted by the kidneys each day?

A

500-1,400 ml

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39
Q

Adults consume and lose about _____ to ____ ml/day of water

A

1,450 to 2,800 ml

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40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Caffeinated beverages contribute to the daily total water intake.

A

TRUE

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41
Q

Some elders are particularly susceptible to dehydration for the following reasons:

A
  1. body water has decreased with age
  2. lost sensitivity to thirst
  3. voluntarily reducing fluid intake to due problems with frequent urination
  4. can critically lose body water during a mild fever or hot summer day
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42
Q

The ingestion of about ___ or more liters of water over a short period of time can result in water intoxication.

A

10 liters or more

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43
Q

Symptoms of water intoxication are _____, ____ and even _______ to due hyponatremia.

A
  1. confusion
  2. convulsions
  3. death
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44
Q

_________ and other ______ particles like proteins are the major force of maintaining the water compartments in the body as well as regulating water balance.

A
  1. Electrolytes

2. osmotic particles

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45
Q

________ cations and _____ anions are primarily intracellular ions, whereas, ______ cations and _____ anions are major extracellular ions.

A
  1. Potassium (K+)
  2. Phosphate
  3. Sodium (Na+)
  4. Chloride (CL-)
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46
Q

The kidney maintains water balance in the body with direction from the ________ in the brain along with hormones which control _______ and water movement across kidney tubule membranes.

A
  1. hypothalamus

2. electrolyte

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47
Q

The healthy kidney is very effective at maintaining ______ balance as well as ______ balance by regulating the re-absorption or excretion of various electrolytes.

A
  1. water

2. electrolyte

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48
Q

Water passes across cell membranes by _____ ______, however, electrolytes require ______ _____, often referred to as pumps.

A
  1. passive diffusion

2. protein carriers

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49
Q

Water follows _________ like sodium and potassium and thus maintain the integrity of fluid compartments.

A

solutes

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50
Q

How much water does the kidney filter each day?

A

180 liters

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51
Q

Describe the filtration process of the kidney.

A
  1. Blood from capillaries is filtered by the glomerulus

2. Electrolytes, water, and urea are filitered into the tubules of the nephron

52
Q

Kidney’s process of Reabsorption
As needed, water and electrolytes are reabsorbed back into the _______ by the actions of _______ and _________ _____. Usually ___% of water is reabsorbed. _______ regulate membrane pumps.

A
  1. blood
  2. osmosis
  3. membrane pumps
  4. 99%
  5. hormones
53
Q

Kidney’s process of Excretion

Excess water, urea, and electrolytes travel through the ______ ______ to the ______ and are excreted via urine.

A
  1. nephron tubules

2. bladder

54
Q

Both the ________ and _________ ____ of the brain is involved in water balance.

A
  1. hypothalamus

2. pituitary gland

55
Q

What are three indications of dehydration?

A
  1. Thirst
  2. Dry mouth
  3. Dry mucus membranes
56
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance
1. As dehydration worsens blood pressure and blood volume _______, a _____ heartbeat develops, and general weakness occurs.

A
  1. drops

2. rapid

57
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance
2. With a drop in blood volume, blood is concentrated with _______, which signals the hypothalamus to stimulate the _______ ____ (in the brain) to release the hormone, ____ __________ _________.

A
  1. Sodium
  2. pituitary glands
  3. anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
58
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance
3. ADH stimulates the _______ to reabsorb more _____ from the nephron tubules back into the blood to dilute blood sodium concentration.

A
  1. kidneys

2. water

59
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance
4. Dehydration can also reduce blood flow, that is, ______ blood pressure. The kidney responds by releasing the enzyme ____ into the blood, which activates the blood protein angiotensinogen converting it to ______.

A
  1. lower
  2. renin
  3. angiotensin
60
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance
5. Angiotensin signals the ______ glands to release the hormone, _________. Which causes the kidney to reabsorb ________. This and other electrolytes attract ______. When Na+ is retained or reabsorbed into blood, water follows via osmosis and blood volume and thus blood pressure is ______.

A
  1. Adrenal
  2. aldosterone
  3. Sodium
  4. water
  5. increased
61
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance

6. Angiotensin is also a powerful _______ causing blood vessels to narrow which also increases ______ ________.

A
  1. vasoconstrictor

2. blood pressure

62
Q

Regulation of Water and Sodium Balance

7. Overall, ______ is reabsorbed back into the body and blood pressure _______ to prevent symptoms of dehydration.

A
  1. water

2. rises

63
Q

Electrolyte imbalances can occur when too much Na+ , Cl- , and K+ are lost through excessive _____, ______, and/or ______.

A
  1. vomiting
  2. diarrhea
  3. sweating
64
Q

In developing nations where sanitation may be poor, ______ can be a major cause of death for children, especially young children. Children actually die of ________ because water absorption in the digestive tract is often shut down by the bacterial infection. A simple solution of 1 cup of boiled water, a pinch of salt (NaCl), and 2 tsp. of sugar (sucrose) has successfully been used as an _______ _______ ______.

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. dehydration
  3. oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
65
Q

How can a simple solution of boiled water, a pinch of salt, and 2 tsp. sugar be successful as ORT?

A

The water is absorbed into the body via glucose’s active transporter system (not affected by the infection) which has sodium as the cotransporter, thus dragging water along with it.

66
Q

Very low blood sodium is a condition called _______.

A

Hyponatremia

67
Q

Hyponatremia can occur after excessive _______ because of prolonged exercise, or with _______ or _______ if sodium and other electrolytes are not replaced.

A
  1. sweating
  2. vomiting
  3. diarrhea
68
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia include ______ ____, _____ ____, and loss of _______.

A
  1. muscle cramps
  2. mental apathy
  3. appetite
69
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
For highly competitive sports or endurance sports such as marathon racing in hot climates, studies have shown benefit to performance with sports drinks.

A

TRUE

70
Q

An elevation in blood sodium concentration would result in an increase in _________ _____.

A

antidiuretic hormone

71
Q

Identify the Major minerals (>5gm)

A

Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S

72
Q

Identify the Trace minerals (<5gm)

A

Fe, Zn, I, Cu, Fl

73
Q

Similarities between major and trace minerals:

A
  1. Inorganic (cannot be destroyed by heat)

2. Do not provide energy (but many are involved in energy metabolism as metalloenzymes)

74
Q

Differences between major and trace minerals:

A
  1. absorbed directly into blood/ require protein carriers
  2. Bioavailability can vary
  3. exist as ions dissolved in body fluids or as components of essential molecules or enzymes
75
Q

Function of Major Minerals

A
  1. Maintaining water and acid-base, and osmotic pressure
  2. Metalloenzymes
  3. Membrane transport of essential nutrients
  4. Maintaining nerve transmission and muscle contractions
  5. Structural components
  6. Components of organic molecules
76
Q

What is the purpose of Metalloenzymes?

A

some enzymes require a mineral to be activated.

77
Q

What is the AI for sodium?

A

1500 mg/d for younger adults
Decreases to 1300 (51-70 YEARS)
and 1200 mg/d (>70 years)

78
Q

What is the UL for sodium?

A

2300mg/day

79
Q

The Daily Value for sodium on food labels is based on ______ mg/d

A

2400 mg/day

80
Q

In addition to being an electrolyte in maintaining water and acid-base balance, sodium functions in ____ ____ transmission and ______ _____.

A
  1. nerve impulse

2. muscle contraction

81
Q

The 1500 mg goal for sodium is most appropriate for those with or at risk for ________.

A

hypertension

82
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Although sodium is present naturally in many foods, the highest percentage of sodium in the diet comes from processed foods containing salt (NaCl) or other additives such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium saccharine, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and many others.

A

TRUE.

83
Q

NaCl is ___% sodium.

A

40%

84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A healthy individual consuming a diet high in salt will simply excrete the excess sodium in urine.

A

TRUE

85
Q

For healthy individuals, sodium intake ______ sodium excretion.

A

equals

86
Q

Many people with _________ are salt sensitive.

A

hypertension

87
Q

What does it mean to be salt sensitive?

A

the kidneys are less efficient at removing excess sodium, and may experience hypertension with high sodium intake.

88
Q

Hypertension is a symptom to many diseases that can cause:

A
  • physical damage to arteries
  • enlargement of the heart
  • weakening of artery walls
89
Q

Approximately _____ Americans are affect by hypertension and about _____ of them are sodium sensitive.

A
  1. 50 million

2. half

90
Q

2300 mg of sodium is equivalent to _______mg of salt, the equivalent of ___ tsp of table salt.

A
  1. 6,000 mg

2. 1 tsp

91
Q

_______, ________, and ______ rich diets help to lower blood pressure.

A

potassium, magnesium, and calcium

92
Q

A large clinical research trial called _____ indicated that elevated blood pressure was reduced by a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods and was low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol.

A

DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The Dash diet is not as effective as medication in treating mild hypertension.

A

FALSE.

It is just as effective

94
Q

A second clinical trial called _______ _____looked at the effect of reduced dietary sodium intake on blood pressure as people followed either the DASH diet or a typical American diet.

A

DASH Sodium

95
Q

Potassium is important for :

A
  • electrolyte balance
  • nerve transmission
  • muscle contraction
  • maintaining blood pressure
96
Q

The AI for potassium is ________ mg/d

A

4,700 mg

97
Q

Chloride is important in:

A
  • maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body.

A

TRUE

99
Q

99% of calcium is found in bones and teeth as ___________ ______. 1% is found in the _______ and _____ _______ as ionized calcium.

A
  1. hydroxyapatite crystals
  2. blood
  3. soft tissues
100
Q

The regulation of body fluid calcium concentrations is essential for maintaining such important physiological processes as _______ contraction, the transmission of _______ _____, blood _______. secretion of ______, _______ reactions, and _______ pressure.

A
  1. muscle
  2. clotting
  3. hormones
  4. enzyme
  5. blood
101
Q

Cells which hug the inner lining of bone called _______ constantly chew up bone, while ________ build up bone structure.

A
  1. osteoclasts

2. osteoblasts

102
Q

Compressive forces on the inside curvature of the bone stimulates ________.

A

osteoblasts

103
Q

Hormones which maintain blood calcium levels include:

A
  1. vitamin D
  2. parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  3. calcitonin.
104
Q

If blood calcium levels are low how does the kidney react?

A
  1. Parathyroid gland is signaled to secrete PTH
  2. PTH travels to kidney and stimulates the activation of vitamin D
  3. PTH and active vitamin D together increases re-absorption of Ca
105
Q

If blood calcium levels are low how does the Small intestine react?

A
  1. Vitamin D induces intestinal Ca-binding proteins causing an increase in the absorption of dietary Ca
106
Q

If blood calcium levels are low, as a last resort, how does the bone react?

A
  1. Vitamin D and PTH stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone for the release of Ca into the blood
107
Q

If blood levels of calcium are too high, muscles contract but then can not ______; this is called calcium rigor.

A

relax

108
Q

Rising blood calcium levels trigger the thyroid gland to secrete _______. ________ inhibits the activation of vitamin D to its hormone form, and therefore, intestinal absorption ______, kidney reabsorption ________, and osteoclasts are not stimulated.

A
  1. calcitonin
  2. calcitonin
  3. decreases
  4. decreases
109
Q

__________ is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue indeed it is the leading cause of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist in the elder population

A

Osteoporosis

110
Q

About ___% of those with osteoporosis are women. Men generally achieve a higher ____ ____ ______ than women, so can lose more bone before displaying symptoms.

A
  1. 80%

2. peak bone density

111
Q

The three major factors to bone health are:

A

1) dietary adequacy of Ca and vitamin D status 2) weight bearing exercise
3) genetics

112
Q

The RDA for calcium is ______ mg/day

A

1,000 mg/day for men
1,3000 mg/day for children
1200 mg/day for adults older than 70

113
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Milk and other dairy products such as yogurt and cheeses have, by far, the richest concentration of calcium.

A

TRUE

114
Q

1 cup milk, 1.5 oz cheese, or 1 cup yogurt contains ____ mg of calcium.

A

300 mg

115
Q

Plants are generally ___ in calcium content. Some that do have significant calcium also contain ______ and ______ (for example, spinach and swiss chard) which bind the calcium making it unavailable for absorption in the GI tract

A
  1. low
  2. oxalates
  3. phytates
116
Q

The UL for calcium is ______ mg/day

A

2,500 mg

117
Q

Very high levels of calcium could possibly cause ________, urinary _______, and kidney _______, and could interfere with the absorption of other minerals.

A
  1. Constipation
  2. stones
  3. dysfunction
118
Q

Phosphorus is a component of _______, the crystalline structure also containing calcium that gives bones and teeth their strength

A

hydroxyapatite

119
Q

___________ is a component of phospholipids involved in lipid transport and cell membranes, a part of DNA and RNA, and participates in acid-base balance as the intracellular anion HPO4-2.

A

Phosphorous

120
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Phosphorus deficiency does not occur since it is found in many proteins (milk, meat, legumes) and is a component of many common additives used in processing.

A

TRUE

121
Q

________ is important in the formation of ATP in energy metabolism and also is part of hundreds of metalloenzymes.

A

magnesium

122
Q

_______ acts antagonistically to Ca in muscle contraction: Ca stimulates, while ___ relaxes.

A

magnesium

123
Q

_______ is part of the chlorophyll molecule responsible for carbon fixation in green plants, therefore, are excellent sources of ____. ___ is also found in meats, legumes, dairy products, and fruits.

A

magnesium

124
Q

_______ is present in every cell because it is a component of the amino acids, methionine, cystine, and cysteine and other organic molecules.

A

sulfur

125
Q

The major minerals that are under-consumed by Americans tend to be ______ and _______.

A

calcium and potassium

Nutrition 251 (7 decks)

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