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Nutrition 251 > Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed into the body?

A
  • they require bile
  • enter through the lymph system
  • then enter the blood
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2
Q

The transportation of fat-soluble vitamins usually requires ______ ______.

A

protein carriers

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3
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

A
  • adipose cells

- liver

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4
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins usually are not excreted and tend to remain ______.

A

stored

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5
Q

Toxicity levels of fat-soluble vitamins can occur with _______ overuse in the following vitamins ___ and ____, even at modest levels.

A
  1. supplement

2. vitamins A and D

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6
Q

How often should you consume fat-soluble vitamins?

A

weekly or even monthly

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Fat-soluble vitamins are lost in the cooking water of fruits and vegetables.

A

FALSE, except for vitamin E which can be last in heat during frying.

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8
Q

Vitamin A’s active molecules’ names.

A
  1. retinol
  2. retinal
  3. retinoic acid
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9
Q

Vitamin A’s functions

A
  1. vision
  2. cell differentiation, proliferation, and signaling
  3. bone and tooth growth
  4. reproduction
  5. immunity
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10
Q

Good sources of Vitamin A

A
  1. milk/milk products
  2. liver
  3. dark green, yellow, and orange colored vegetables
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11
Q

Vitamin E’s active molecule name

A

alpha-tocopherol

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12
Q

Vitamin E’s functions

A

fat-soluble antioxidant

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13
Q

Good sources of vitamin E

A
  1. plant oils
  2. leafy green vegetables
  3. whole grains
  4. egg yolk
  5. nuts
  6. seeds
  7. fatty meats
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14
Q

Vitamin D’s active molecules’ names

A

1) 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol (or 1,25 dihydroxy D3)

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15
Q

Vitamin D’s functions

A
  1. hormone for calcium homeostasis

2. nuclear regulation

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16
Q

Good sources of Vitamin D

A
  1. fortified milk/ some milk products
  2. Other fortified foods
  3. SUN!!
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17
Q

Vitamin K’s active molecule’s names

A
  1. Phylloquinone (plant source)

2. Menaquinone (animal source)

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18
Q

Vitamin K’s functions

A
  1. Coenzyme in the production of protein factors for blood clotting
  2. Coenzyme in the synthesis of bone protein
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19
Q

Good sources of Vitamin K

A

1) Bacterial synthesis in GI tract
2) leafy green vegetables
3) milk

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20
Q

Retinol supports _______. Retinal supports _______, and retinoic acid functions in _________, __________, and _______.

A
  1. reproduction
  2. vision
  3. growth, cell differentiation, and immunity
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21
Q

Vitamin A is measured in ________ ______ ______.

A

Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE)

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22
Q

1 microgram of retinol = ___ RAE

A

ONE

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23
Q

Animals food provide vitamin A as ________ (pefformed vitamin A).

A

retinoids

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24
Q

Plant foods provide vitamin A precursors in the form of _________ (or provitamin A), the most common one being __________.

A
  1. carotenoids

2. beta-carotene

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25
Q

Caretenoids

A
  • plant pigments that produce the yellow or orange colors of many fruits and vegetables
  • chlorophyll masks these colors in dark, green vegetables
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26
Q

____ micrograms beta-carotene = 1 RAE

A

12

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27
Q

1 IU = ___ micrograms of retinol

1 IU = ___ micrograms beta-carotene

A

1) 0.3

2) 3.6

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Strawberries, corn and tomatoes are high sources of Vitamin A

A

FALSE

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29
Q

Vitamin A maintains the ________ cells of the skin and the cornea. Vitamin A also maintains the _______ ______ lining the surface of your eye, respiratory, urinary, and intestinal tracts.

A
  1. epithelial cells

2. mucus membrane

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30
Q

Some carotenoids, in addition to being a provitamin, function as ________ protecting the body from free radicals.

A

antioxidants

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31
Q

Vitamin A as retinal is required for production of the visual pigment _________.

A

rhodopsin

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32
Q

rhodopsin is made up of ________ and ______.

A

opsin and retinal

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33
Q

When light passes through the cornea and hits the rods in the retina, _________ changes shape and sends an electrical impulse to the brain. _______ and _____ separate but will reform _____ and continue the process.

A
  1. rhodopsin
  2. opsin and retinal
  3. rhodopsin
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34
Q

The role of retinal in the visual cycle

A
  1. In retina cells, retinal combines with opsin and makes rhodopsin
  2. light energy strikes rhodopsin
  3. Retinal shifts from cis to trans and breaks away from opsin
  4. Opsin changes shape and generates electrical impulse to the brain
  5. Trans retinal converts back to cis form and opsin is recycled
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35
Q

Night blindness

A
  • first symptom of vitamin A deficiency

- results when there is not enough retinal to recycle rhodopsin

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36
Q

Under severe and prolonged vitamin A deficiency, the cornea becomes ____ and ____ (xerosis) from the production of ________.

A
  1. dry and hard

2. keratin

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37
Q

Severe vitamin A deficiency is called __________ and can result in permanent blindness.

A

xerophthalmia

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38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Vitamin A deficiency is uncommon in the US but it is a major health problem worldwide.

A

TRUE

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39
Q

With vitamin A deficiency comes dry, rough skin that is keratinized around the hair follicles, which is called _____ _________.

A

follicular hyperkeratosis

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40
Q

With vitamin A deficiency ______ is often seen. Risk of death from _____ and other infectious diseases is increased. In the GI tract absorption of nutrients decreases leading to further ____ ______.

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. measles
  3. nutrient deficiencies
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41
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A
  • high levels of vitamin A (as retinoids)
42
Q

Results of Hypervitaminosis A

A
  • birth defects, liver abnormalities, reduced bone mineral density, overstimulated cell division.
43
Q

What is the UL for Vitamin A?

A

3,000 micrograms of RAE/day

44
Q

One ounce of beef liver provides over _____ mg RAE (VITAMIN A)

A

3,000

45
Q

High intakes of provitamin carotenoids are not associated with toxicity symptoms but can cause the skin to turn ______.

A

yellow

46
Q

Free radical

A

an unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons

47
Q

Antioxidant

A

in the body, substances that significantly decrease the adverse effect of free radicals on normal physiological functions

48
Q

Prooxidant

A

substances that significantly induce oxidative stress.

49
Q

Oxidative stress

A

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body’s ability to handle them and to prevent damage

50
Q

Phytochemical

A

nonnutrient compounds found in plants that confer taste, color, and other characteristics. Some phytochemicals have biological activity in the body.

51
Q

The popularity of the supplementation of Vitamin E is due to its _________ properties and some research suggests a possible role in prevention or delaying cardiovascular disease and cancer.

A

antioxidant

52
Q

Vitamin E deficiency is associated with ____ _________ diseases.

A

fat malabsorption diseases

53
Q

A low vitamin E status results in fragile ___ ______ ______ which may rupture producing an anemia known as _______ ______.

A
  1. red blood cells

2. hemolytic anemia

54
Q

One tablespoon of corn oil contains about ____ mg of vitamin E.

A

3 mg

55
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin E?

A

RDA= 15mg/day

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Unlike vitamins A and D, the health risk of high intakers of vitamin E supplements appears to be low.

A

TRUE

57
Q

Over supplementation of vitamin E may interfere with ______ ______ action of Vitamin K or enhance the effect of drugs that prevent _______.

A
  1. blood clotting

2. clotting

58
Q

A UL has been established for vitamin E at ______ mg.

A

1,000 mg

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The production of free radicals is normal in all cells since they need oxygen to live and oxygen is a primary trigger in free radical formation.

A

TRUE

60
Q

Environmental factors such as pollution, tobacco smoke, and ultraviolet radiation generate _____ ______.

A

free radicals

61
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Some free radical molecules are needed to destroy harmful bacteria that invades our bodies, but too much can cause havoc.

A

TRUE

62
Q

Antioxidant Defense System

A
  1. Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismustase neutralize free radicals
    (these enzymes are dependent on the minerals selenium, copper, manganese and zinc)
  2. Vitamin E and C and many phytochemicals act as antioxidants to halt damage attributed to free radicals
63
Q

Name 2 phytochemicals which are antioxidants

A
  1. carotenoids

2. flavonoids

64
Q

Give examples of carotenoids

A
  • beta-carotene
  • lycopene
  • lutein
65
Q

Food sources of carotenoids

A
  • deeply pigmented fruits and vegetables: yellow, orange red, and deep green vegetables
  • tomatoes are rich in lycopenes
66
Q

Give examples of flavonoids

A
  • isoflavones

- catechins

67
Q

Food sources of flavonoids

A
  • whole grains
  • legumes
  • soy
  • fruits (blueberries)
  • vegetables
  • chocolate, cocoa
  • nuts
  • olive oil
  • red wine, grape juice
68
Q

Free radicals has been implicated in many of the physiological factors associated with aging , and the development of ______, _______, _____, and ______ _____.

A
  • cancer, arthritis, cataracts, heart disease
69
Q

Free radicals can attach __________ _____ ____ in cell membranes or oxidize LDL cholesterol.

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

70
Q

Free radicals can damage ____ and ____ and this might cause mutations in the progress to cancer.

A

DNA and RNA

71
Q

Free radicals can attack ______ in the body, altering their function.

A

proteins

72
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Experts say that Beta-Carotene supplements either have no benefit or increase mortality and should be avoided.

A

TRUE

73
Q

Vitamin D is made in the body after the skin is exposed to ___ ___ from sunlight, this theoretically, humans do not have to eat it.

A

UV rays

74
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is called _____ (for children) and _____ (for adults)

A
  1. rickets

2. osteomalacia

75
Q

How is Vitamin D activated?

A
  • two activation steps by enzymes in the liver and kidney
76
Q

What compound serves as the precursor for the body’s synthesis of vitamin D?

A

cholesterol

77
Q

How is Vitamin D synthesized?

A
  • from cholesterol in the liver
78
Q

From the sun UV lights converts precursor vitamin D to an _______ form. The precursor vitamin D travels to the _____.

A
  1. inactive form

2. skin

79
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Since vitamin D is produced in one part of the body and acts on other organs, vitamin D is considered to be a hormone.

A

TRUE

80
Q

As a hormone, active vitamin D maintains normal blood levels of ______ and _____.

A

calcium and phosphorus

81
Q

In the terms of calcium homeostasis three organs are involved:

A
  1. small intestine
  2. kidney
  3. bone
82
Q

Explain how Vitamin D acts in the small intestine to maintain calcium homeostasis.

A

Vitamin D travels to the smell intestine to stimulate Ca-binding proteins to aid in the absorption of Ca into the body

83
Q

Explain how Vitamin D acts in the kidney to maintain calcium homeostasis.

A

if blood Ca level is low, the kidney is signaled by vitamin D to increase Ca- re-absorption, drawing Ca back into the body

84
Q

Explain how Vitamin D acts in the bone to maintain homeostasis

A

as a last resort, if blood Ca is low, vitamin D promotes the release of Ca from bone storage back into the blood

85
Q

Exposing hands, face and arms to the sun for ___ to ___ minutes, ___ to ___ times a week should be plenty for good vitamin D status.

A
  1. 5-10

2. 2-3

86
Q

______ populations are of particular concern with vitamin D status.

A

Elder

87
Q

With age, the ability to make vitamin D in the skin and convert it to its active form in the kidney has been shown to be _______.

A

reduced

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Many physicians and clinics are now promoting vitamin D supplements for elder persons.

A

TRUE

89
Q

Four cups of milk provides ___ micrograms of vitamin D.

A

10

90
Q

RDA for Vitamin D for adults is ___ to ____ micrograms per day and ___ micrograms per day for children. (This is assuming no exposure to sun)

A
  1. 15-20

2. 15

91
Q

Prior to the fortification of milk with vitamin D in the 1930’s, _____ in children was a common problem in the US.

A

Rickets

92
Q

Recently ____ have been documented in breast-fed infants, especially in Southern black populations because breast milk is low in Vitamin D.

A

rickets

93
Q

Vitamin D supplements should never be taken in amounts above the UL ___ micrograms per day for adults because of toxicity concerns.

A

100

94
Q

Effects of over consumption of Vitamin D

A

-hypercalcemia (high blood Ca levels)

95
Q

Hypercalcemia can cause

A

calcufication of soft tissues such as the kidney and major blood vessels

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

You can develop hypercalcemia from over sun-bathing

A

FALSE

the skin has homeostatic mechanisms to control overproduction of vitamin D

97
Q

Vitamin K functions in the formation of proteins that bind _______ to ______.

A

mineral to bone

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Vitamin K deficiency is common

A

FALSE

99
Q

When Vitamin K deficiency does occur in results in ___________ _______.

A

hemorrhagic disease

100
Q

Hemorrhagic disease

A

the inability to blood to form clots

101
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can result from ___ malabsorption, rare genetic ______ diseases, long term use of ______, and in ______.

A
  1. fat
  2. liver
  3. antibiotics
  4. newborns
102
Q

Vitamin K deficiency has the external appearance of severe _______, but internal ______ is also occurring and if untreated can be fatal.

A
  1. bruising

2. bleeding

Nutrition 251 (7 decks)

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