Life Cycle Flashcards
From 2 weeks to 8 weeks post fertilization, the ______ initiates the development of the placenta and amniotic sac.
embryo
Vitamins designed for pregnant women do not contain preformed vitamin A because _______ are toxic to the developing embryo.
retinoids
Tanya is pregnant and has a BMI of 23. How much weight should she gain during her pregnancy.
25-35 pounds
Women who are underweight when starting their pregnancy are risk for ____ _____ _____ newborns and should gain ______ weight during the 9 months of pregnancy than healthy wight women.
- low birth weight newborns
2. more
TRUE OR FALSE
Higher intakes of iron in early pregnancy have resulted in decreased incidence of spina bifida.
FALSE
folic acid has
Women who are overweight when starting their pregnancy are at increased risk for ______ _____ _____ and have more _____ complications.
- neural tube defect
2. labor
TRUE OR FALSE
Prevalence of low birth weight is lower in African American population than in the Hispanic population in the U.S.
FALSE
In terms of iron nutrition during pregnancy iron status increases risk for _____ ____ _____ newborns.
low birth weight newborns
In terms of iron nutrition during pregnancy iron recommendations are increased by ___% over pre-pregnancy RDA.
50%
In terms of iron nutrition during pregnancy iron absorption ________.
increases
In terms of calcium nutrition during pregnancy calcium absorption _______.
increases
TRUE OR FALSE
Caffeine does not cross the placenta
FALSE
is does cross the placenta
TRUE OR FALSE
To avoid listeriosis during pregnancy, women should avoid unpasteurized milk and undercooked eggs and meat.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Fish to be avoided during pregnancy because of mercury content include trout, salmon, and light tuna.
FALSE
Fish to be avoided are shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish
TRUE OR FALSE
No safe amounts of alcohol consumption during all 9 months of pregnancy have been identified.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Slow weight loss by lactating women can affect the quantity and the quality of breast milk.
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
Breastfeeding has increased since the 1970’s
TRUE
________ is the first milk secreted by lactating women and is high in immune factors.
colostrum
Why should a 3 month old infant never be fed cow’s milk?
- Infants cannot tolerate the high protein in cow’s milk
2. Infants cannot tolerate the high content of calcium and phosphorus in cow’s milk
What nutrient is most concern int he first semi-solid food offered to breast-fed infants?
iron
Juice should be limited in 1-6 years old to ___to ___ oz or less.
4-6 oz
When is it recommended that infants switch from breast milk or formula to consuming whole cow’s milk?
at 12 months of age
Weeks of Gestation
0-2 weeks
zygote
Weeks of Gestation
2-10 weeks
Embryo
Weeks of Gestation
10-(38-42) weeks
Fetus
The zygote (newly fertilized ovum) implants itself in the wall of the uterus within ___ weeks of fertilization.From this point, the zygote becomes known as an ______ and initiates the development of the _____, ______, and ______ ___.
- 2
- embryo
- placenta, umbilicus, and amniotic sac
The placenta provides a _____ supply between the mother and fetus.
blood
Sometimes the placenta does not keep its integrity (_______ _______), or may form in the lower uterus (_________ _____) increasing risk for hemorrhaging during the last trimester.
- abruptio placentae
2. placenta previa
Most of the critical periods are during the time of intense development, that is, during the first ____ weeks after conception when ____ differentiation and ____ division is rapid.
- 10
- cell
- cell
Retinoids, i.e. preformed vitamin A, have long been known to be potent _______, causing severe birth defects especially if toxic exposure is during the first trimester. Prenatal vitamins contain no vitamin A, but may contain ______, which are not teratogenic.
- teratogens
2. carotenoids
The UL for vitamin A is ____ micrograms/day
3,000 micrograms/day
The most common neural tube defect is _____ _______ where the neural tube fails to close and the spinal cord is not completely protected by normal development of bones in the spine.
spina bifida
Normally, the neural tube closes before __ weeks gestation. Thus, the critical period for embryonic folate exposure is at ___-___ days.
- 4 weeks
2. 17-30 days
- race, more common amongst whites and Hispanics than other racial groups
- a previous pregnancy increases risk of a second neural tube defect baby
- maternal type 1 diabetes
- maternal obesity
- maternal anti-seizure medication
- exposure to hot temperatures early in pregnancy, i.e., prolonged fever or hot-tub use.
THIS ARE ALL RISK FACTORS FOR..
Neural tube defect
A typical 40-week gestation produces an infant weighing ___ to ____ pounds
6.5 - 8.75 pounds
Women who are _________ going into pregnancy are at increased risk for:
- smaller placenta
- low birthweight infants (
underweight
Women who are ______going into pregnancy are at increased risk for:
- maternal medical complications:
hypertension, diabetes, postpartum infection - labor and delivery complications:
large infant, birth trauma, or cesarean section - poor development, infant death
- neural tube defect
obese
Women who are underweight (BMI < 18.5) should gain ____ to ___ pounds during pregnancy.
28-40 pounds
Women who are overweight (BMI 25-29.9) should gain ___ to ___ pounds during pregnancy.
15-25 pounds
Women who are obese (BMI ≥ 30) should gain no more than __-___ pounds during pregnancy.
11-20 pounds
A reasonable estimate to achieve adequate weight gain for healthy-weight women is ___ kcal/day during the second trimester and ___ kcal/day for the third trimester.
- 340 kcal/day
2. 450 kcal/day
- Inappropriately low maternal weight gain
- Both younger and older mothers have increased risk of LBW.
- Race: African Americans have highest risk for LBW.
- Poor nutrition: Iron deficiency increases risk for LBW.
- Smoking
- Genetics
- Prior health conditions
- Low socioeconomic status
- No or infrequent prenatal care
- Alcohol or drug use
THESE ARE ALL RISK FACTORS FOR..
Low Birth Weight Infants (LBW)
Which race has the highest rates of low birth weight infants?
African American
Which age groups have the highest rate of low birth weight infants?
age of 15 and under
and
age 45-54
_____ is needed for an enlarged maternal blood volume and to provide for the needs of the placenta and infant.
iron
Many obstetricians routinely advise iron supplements of about __-__ mg/day to pregnant women just for insurance purposes.
30-60mg/day
TRUE OR FALSE
The RDA for calcium is the same for pregnant and non-pregnant women.
TRUE
A few nutrients tend to be low in the diets of some pregnant women: ______, ____, ____, and _____.
- iron
- caclium & vitamin D
- folate
Alcohol consumption can lead to irreversible mental and physical retardation of the embryo and fetus; the most severe cases are called _____ ______ _____.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Smoking and chewing tobacco decrease _____ and ______ supplies to the fetus and interfere with waste removal.
oxygen and nutrient
Approximately ____ kcals/day above regular energy needs is necessary to supply the energy to produce the typical __ ounces of breast milk per day. However, ___ kcals extra per day is recommended so that women slowly utilize the extra body fat accumulated during pregnancy.
- 500 kcal.day
- 25 ounces
- 330 kcals
TRUE OR FALSE
Important for nutritional assessment is not the absolute percentile but rather whether the infant rapidly changes his pattern of growth
TRUE
A healthy infant ______ her birthweight during the first 5 months and _____ birthweight by one year.
- doubles
2. triples
Some ______ ______as well as ______ _____ _____ cannot remain viable after processing of formula, so are not part of its composition.
- immune factors
2. white blood cells
These protein immune factors are not found in formal but are only in breast milk:
- Colostrum
- Bifidus factors
- Lactoferrin
- Growth factors
- Lipase enzymes
_______ ______ favor the growth of “friendly” bacteria in the GI tract.
Bifidus factors
________ binds iron in breast milk, preventing growth of iron-dependent harmful bacteria in the GI tract and increasing bioavailability of iron for absorption
Lactoferrin
Healthy infants are born with relatively ____ levels of iron stores. Generally, they have adequate iron stores for the first __ months of life.
- high
2. 6 months
TRUE OR FALSE
Breast milk is poor in fluoride.
TRUE
At six months, an infant should be supplemented with ______ via drinking water.
fluoride
All infants born in hospitals in the U.S. are injected with _______ before leaving the hospital to protect against hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, a rare disease that can cause bleeding to death.
Vitamin K
At about __-__ months of age, an infant should be introduced to solid food; actually it is more like semisolid food. _______ ______ _____ or _____ ____ is usually the first food introduced. Next comes pureed ____ and ________.
- 4-6 months
- iron fortified food
- pureed meat
- fruits and vegetables
At about __-__ months of age, an infant is ready for small pieces of soft table foods.
8-9 months
Early Childhood
Milk (cow milk) consumption should be about __-__ cups per day. Excess milk consumption should be avoided since too much milk will displace other nutrient-dense foods.
2-3 cups
Chronic consumption of excess milk can lead to “____ _______.” Milk is very low in iron; if the child consumes too much milk, it displaces foods which provide good sources of ___.
- milk anemia
2. iron
Young children need _ meals and - snacks each day because of their small stomachs.
- 3 meals
2. 2-3 snack
