Trace Minerals

Question 1

Identify the trace minerals

Answer 1

iron
zinc
selenium
copper
manganese
fluoride
chromium
molybdenum

Question 2

_________ requires iron for activation

Answer 2

Hydroxylase

Question 3

________ ______ requires selenium for activation

Answer 3

Glutathione peroxidase

Question 4

_____ is a nutrient of great concern in terms of global and national health.

Answer 4

iron

Question 5

In poor or developing countries of the world, as many as __% to __% of young children and pregnant women have compromised health due to iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia.

Answer 5

30%-50%

Question 6

Even in the United States where food is plentiful, ___ deficiency is a health concern for toddlers, adolescent girls, and women in their childbearing years, especially those of low socioeconomic status.

Answer 6

iron

Question 7

Iron has two common ionic states, ________ and ________.

Answer 7

1. Fe++ (ferrous iron, reduced)

2. Fe+++ (ferric iron, oxidized)

Question 8

Iron is involved in many _________ _______ _______, including the electron transport chain in the final production of ATP in the mitochondria.

Answer 8

oxidation- reduction reactions

Question 9

Since iron has an affinity for oxygen (O2), iron-rich __________ picks up O2 in the lungs and transports it via red blood cells to all parts of the body.

Answer 9

hemoglobin

Question 10

________ in muscle is another Fe-containing protein that binds O2

Answer 10

myoglobin

Question 11

iron is important in brain and nervous tissue function since it is a _______ necessary for the catalytic activity of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of several neurotransmitters.

Answer 11

cofactor

Question 12

Iron embedded in a _____ structure (from hemoglobin and myoglobin) is found only in foods of animal origin and has _____ bioavailability.

Answer 12

1. heme

2. high

Question 13

________ iron (as Fe++ or Fe+++) is found both in foods of animal origin and in foods of plant origin and has a lower bioavailability.

Answer 13

nonheme

Question 14

Heme iron has higher bioavailability with ___% being absorbed. However, for a vegetarian who eats no animal foods, only about __% of iron is absorbed. Overall in the mixed American diet, about ___% of iron is absorbed.

Answer 14

1. 25%
2. 10%
3. 18%

Question 15

The iron recommendation for vegetarians is ___ times the RDA to compensate for the significantly lower bioavailability of nonheme iron as the only source of dietary iron.

Answer 15

1.8

Question 16

___% of iron is absorbed during the high growth years of childhood.

Answer 16

35%

Question 17

An ____ peptide factor found in meat, fish, and poultry enhances nonheme iron absorption.

Answer 17

MFP

Question 18

_________ in a meal enhances nonheme iron absorption by keeping the form of iron in the reduced state.

Answer 18

vitamin C

Question 19

Plant foods high in _______ and ______ such as in legumes, whole grains, and rice can reduce nonheme iron absorption in a meal by ________ it causing increased excretion in the stool rather than absorption into the body

Answer 19

1. phytates and fibers

2. binding

Question 20

Iron is always bound to specific proteins in tissues and fluids of the body. ____ _______ proteins play critical roles in iron homeostasis.

Answer 20

iron binding

Question 21

Inside the lumen of the small intestine, iron from food is found in the forms of _____ or _____ iron.

Answer 21

heme or nonheme

Question 22

After iron is transported into the small intestinal cell, either as heme or nonheme iron, it is sequestered by a protein call ______.

Answer 22

ferritin

Question 23

_______ has the capacity to temporarily store thousands of iron atoms. It is also the storage protein for iron in the liver.

Answer 23

ferritin

Question 24

If the body is in need of iron, then _____ in intestinal cells releases iron, which then attaches to _______.

Answer 24

1. ferritin

2. ferroportin

Question 25

________ is a transport protein and it is associated with the membrane on the blood side of the intestinal cell (also called a mucosal cell).

Answer 25

ferroportin

Question 26

Iron does not travel free in the blood. It is attached to the protein called blood _______, which delivers iron to the body tissues.

Answer 26

transferrin

Question 27

When the body has gotten enough iron, the liver secretes the hormone, ______. It blocks _______ from transferring iron into the blood.

Answer 27

1. Hepcidin

2. ferroportin

Question 28

IRON EXCRETION
_______ cells die at a high rate and are then shed into the intestinal lumen resulting in iron from ferritin being excreted in feces.

Answer 28

Mucosal

Question 29

TRUE OR FALSE
Extremely little iron can be excreted in urine since it is protein bound and proteins are not filtered out by the kidney.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

TRUE OR FALSE
Women lose iron monthly via menstruation; thus, men and postmenopausal women are at higher risk for toxicity compared to premenopausal women.

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

Iron deficiency anemia is a ______ ______ anemia (small cell, low color) that results from not only depleted iron stores, but also depleted ____ transport and reduced production of________.

Answer 31

1. microcytic hypochromic
2. iron
3. hemoglobin

Question 32

Iron deficiency refers to depleted iron stores in the ______, but not severe enough to cause anemia.

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

Iron deficiency may cause _______ and _______ changes often mistaken for laziness; symptoms may include fatigue, decreased ability to concentration, and sluggish reactivity.

Answer 33

behavioral and motivational

Question 34

In the U.S., some behavior and cognitive problems in children have been attributed to lower iron status. Researchers hypothesize that iron’s role in the synthesis of _________ is the cause of these symptoms.

Answer 34

neurotransmitters

Question 35

Hereditary iron overload or _________ is the most common genetic disorder in the United States, affecting some 1.5 million people.

Answer 35

hemochromatosis

Question 36

Hemochromatosis can cause _____ ____, ____, ____, and ______.

Answer 36

liver damage
apathy
lethargy
fatigue

Question 37

Adult men require __ mg/day of iron, whereas premenopausal women require more than twice that amount, __ mg/day,

Answer 37

8 mg/day

18 mg/day

Question 38

The UL for iron is set at __ mg/day in a supplement.

Answer 38

45mg/day

Question 39

More enzymes require ____ compared to any other class of metalloenzymes.

Answer 39

zinc

Question 40

Zinc regulates

Answer 40

1. immune function
2. thyroid function
3. motor and cognitive development in children
4. vitamin A metabolism
5. taste
6. wound healing

Question 41

Severe zinc deficiency is characterized by _______ ______ and _______ sexual maturity in children and adolescents.

Answer 41

1. growth retardation

2. delayed

Question 42

Plant-based diets high in fiber and phytates can cause the ______. of zinc in the intestine.

Answer 42

binding

Question 43

TRUE OR FALSE

In the US diet, red meat, whole grains, some fortified cereals, and milk are the richest sources of zinc.

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

Less than __% of dietary zinc is absorbed into blood.

Answer 44

40%

Question 45

This intestinal storage protein for zinc is called __________.

Answer 45

metallothionein

Question 46

Only when the body needs zinc will ________ release zinc for transport into blood. Zinc is transported in blood attached to a blood protein called ________, however, blood _______ can also transport zinc.

Answer 46

1. metallothionein
2. albumin
3. transferrin

Question 47

Unabsorbed zinc from either diet or pancreatic secretions is excreted in ____.

Answer 47

feces

Question 48

Zinc, iron, and copper have similar chemical characteristics, thus they can interact and _______ in the body.

Answer 48

compete

Question 49

The UL for Zinc is ___mg/day

Answer 49

40 mg/day

Question 50

High iron absorption either from overload disorder or iron supplements can over saturate blood ________, leaving little room for the transport of _____ and resulting in reduced absorption of _____.

Answer 50

1. transferrin
2. zinc
3. zinc

Question 51

Chronic use of zinc supplements can cause decreased absorption of _____ or _____, due to competition with transport.

Answer 51

iron and copper

Question 52

Iodide is part of the structure of the thyroid hormone, _______, which controls basal metabolic rate, body temperature, growth, reproduction, muscle function, and energy metabolism.

Answer 52

thyroxine

Question 53

An iodine deficiency leads to a decreased production of active _____. In an effort to make more, the body increases ______ stimulating hormone, causing cells of the thyroid gland to enlarge in an attempt to trap more iodide.

Answer 53

1. thyroxine

2. thyroid

Question 54

Thyroid gland enlargement results in a very visible growth on the neck known as a ______ ______.

Answer 54

simple goiter

Question 55

During pregnancy, a thyroid deficiency will cause severe mental and physical retardation of the developing fetus, a condition known as ______.

Answer 55

cretinism

Question 56

TRUE OR FALSE
Inadequate dietary iodine is still a major public health issue in developing nations where fortification programs are absent.

Answer 56

TRUE

Question 57

Iodine is abundant in ______ and is present in the soil near the _____.

Answer 57

1. seafood

2. ocean

Question 58

Iodized _____, introduced in the 1930’s, eliminated iodine deficiency.

Answer 58

salt

Question 59

Fluoride has an important role in the strengthening of ______ and _____.

Answer 59

bones and teeth

Question 60

Fluoride replaces the hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite (the crystalline structure in bones and teeth) and forms an even stronger compound.

Answer 60

fluorapatite

Question 61

Fluoride naturally occurs in many soils and water supplies, but in areas with low fluoride, __________ of the public water supply (at 1 ppm) has dramatically lowered the incidence of decayed and missing teeth.

Answer 61

flouridation

Question 62

0.1 ppm level of fluoride in drinking water can lead to…

Answer 62

increased incidence of dental caries and missing teeth

Question 63

1 ppm level of fluoride in drinking water can lead to…

Answer 63

optimal dental health

Question 64

8 ppm level of fluoride in drinking water can lead to…

Answer 64

increased incidence of fluorosis

Question 65

Selenium is present in the enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, where, along with vitamin E and other antioxidants, it blocks the formation of _____ ______.

Answer 65

free radicals

Question 66

TRUE OR FALSE

Seafood, meat, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables are all good sources of selenium in the U.S. diet.

Answer 66

TRUE

Question 67

Copper is found in enzymes that affect ________ formation, act as an ______, and are involved in _______ ________.

Answer 67

1. hemoglobin
2. antioxidant
3. energy metabolism

Question 68

______ is part of the enzyme, superoxide dismutase.

Answer 68

Copper

Question 69

superoxide dismutase, like glutathione peroxidase, is very important in reducing ______ _______ formation.

Answer 69

free radical

Question 70

Chromium is notable for its role in ______ and _____ metabolism.

Answer 70

carbohydrate and lipid

Question 71

________ helps maintain glucose levels by enhancing insulin activity.

Answer 71

Chromium

Question 72

Chromium deficiency is characterized by ______-like symptoms.

Answer 72

diabetes

Question 73

TRUE OR FALSE

Chromium is abundant in unrefined foods, meats, cheese, and grains

Answer 73

TRUE