Water and Energy Requirements

Question 1

Water Purpose

Answer 1

Thermoregulation-managing metabolic heat
lactation
nutrient transport
metabolism
positively influences food intake

Question 2

Water needed calculation for 50lb adult dog

Answer 2

50lbs/2.2=22.7kg
22.7kg*60ml/kg BW=1362ml=1.4L/day

Question 3

What influences water requirements?

Answer 3

Losses
sweating, urine, stool/manure, milk, disease
Environment
temperature and humidity
Diet
dry matter, protein, sodium

Question 4

Sources of water

Answer 4

Drinking water
Food
10% in kibble and hay
80% in canned food and fresh forage
Metabolic body water
glucose+oxygen=ATP+carbon dioxide+water

Question 5

Water quality

Answer 5

Presentation influences accessibility, palatability and monitoring
total dissolved sats<1000mg/L

Question 6

Dry matter

Answer 6

feed with zero water
drying in oven with no further change in weight
food is not fed on a dry matter basis
eliminating the variable of water to compare nutrient concentration acress different foods
calculating dry matter intake

Question 7

As Fed

Answer 7

food with water in it
in the packaging
food is fed on an as fed basis
water content varies
pasture>hay
canned>kibble

Question 8

12% moisture max AF
16% crude fat min AF

Answer 8

100-12=88% dry matter
16%/88%=18.2

Question 9

80% moisture max AF
3.5% crude fat min AF

Answer 9

100%-80%=20% dry matter
3.5%/20%=17.5% crude fat min DM

Question 10

What is the target daily DM for herbivores?

Answer 10

2% body weight

Question 11

If feeding 950lb horse a half of a 50lb square bale per day and the hay is 90% DM, how much DM is fed daily? How much DM as a % of body weight?

Answer 11

50lbs/2=25lbs AF
25lbs AF * 90% moisture=22.5lbs DM
22.5lb DM /950lb BW=2.4 BWI

Question 12

How much hay (90% DM) should be thrown to an adult horse with a body weight (BW) of 1100lbs (500kg).

Answer 12

1100lbs BW*2%=22lb DM
22lb DM / 90% =24lb AF
feed weight is higher when you add moisture

Question 13

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 13

Oxygen not available
Fast energy
Cytosol of the cell

Question 14

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 14

Oxygen available
Slow energy
TCA/CA cycle in the mitochondria
More energy produced

Question 15

Substrate of Anaerobic

Answer 15

Glucose only
Lactate (byproduct)
build up associated with fatigue
gluconeogenesis

Question 16

Substrate of Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 16

Amino Acids, fatty acid or glucose

Question 17

Lipid

Answer 17

more energy dose
fat will drive calorie density
atwater factors of human food 9kcal ME/g
modified atwater factors pet food 8.5kcal ME/g

Question 18

Gross Energy

Answer 18

food energy (burnt in bomb calorimeter)

Question 19

Digestible Energy

Answer 19

gross energy- fecal energy

Question 20

Metabolizable energy

Answer 20

Digestible energy-urine and gas energy

Question 21

Net Energy

Answer 21

metabolizable energy-heat increment

Question 22

How energy requirements are defined baries by species

Answer 22

Digestible energy (DE)-horse
Metabolizable energy (ME)- dog and cat
Net energy (NE)-cattle

Question 23

Metabolic energy

Answer 23

BW^.075

Question 24

Basal Metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 24

70*BW^.75
fasted and sleeping in a thermoneutral environment

Question 25

Resting energy requirements (RER)

Answer 25

often used synonymously with BMR
70*BW^.75

Question 26

Dairy energy Requirements (DER)

Answer 26

RER + needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction and work

Question 27

Maintenance Energy requirement (MER)

Answer 27

DER for maintenance (eating and moving)

Question 28

Calculating maintenance energy requirements

Answer 28

MER=daily energy requirements (DER) for maintenance (kcal/day)
DER=RER*DER factor

Question 29

Energy for dogs

Answer 29

(70kcalBW^.75)1.6

Question 30

Energy for cats

Answer 30

(70kcalBW^.75)1.2