Macronutrients

Question 1

What are macronutrients?

Answer 1

Energy substrates
glucose for anaerobic metabolism
glucose, amino acids and fatty acids for aerobic metabolism
Source of essential nutrients
non-fiber and fiber carbohydrates
essential amino acid
essential fatty acid

Question 2

Purpose of protein

Answer 2

muscle
hormones
enzymes
plasma oncotic pressure
acid/base balance
energy substrate

Question 3

How much protein is needed?

Answer 3

Dog- 3.28BW^.75
Cat-4.96BW^.67
Horse-1.26*BW

Question 4

Crude protein

Answer 4

Nitrogen%*6.25
does not differentiate amino acid vs non-amino acid nitrogen

Question 5

Good quality protein

Answer 5

Rich in essential amino acid
provided through diet because the body does not make

Question 6

By products as a source of protein

Answer 6

byproducts can be meat based
by products are organ meats-not typically used in human food production
ex. pork liver, beef kidney, chicken liver

Question 7

Can plants be a good source of protein?

Answer 7

Yes for herbivores and omnivores
Not for carnivores

Question 8

How can you tell if protein intake is adequate

Answer 8

MCS
Serum albumin

Question 9

Purpose of lipids

Answer 9

Energy substrate (aerobic)
lipid membranes
fat soluble vitamin absorption
neurologic and retinal development

Question 10

What are the 3 types of lipids?

Answer 10

Triglycerides
glycerol
3 fatty acids
Phospholipids
Free fatty acids

Question 11

How are fatty acids characterized

Answer 11

By the number of double bonds
saturated=0 double bonds
unsaturated=more double bonds

Question 12

Unsaturated

Answer 12

monounsaturated=1 double bond
polyunsaturated=2+ double bonds
all essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

Question 13

How are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized

Answer 13

the number and location of double bonds
Omega-6
1st double bond at the 6th carbon from methyl end
linoleic acid (LA)
arachidonic acid (AA)
Omega-3
1st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end
alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
EPA, DHA
anti-inflammatory

Question 14

Fatty acids and their length

Answer 14

Short Chain
volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
<6 carbons
more in microbial contribution
Medium Chain
6-12 carbons
coconut oil
Long Chain
13-21 carbon
essential fatty acids are all long chain

Question 15

Essential fatty acids for Dog

Answer 15

Linoleic Acid (LA)
Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA)
EPA and DHA

Question 16

Essential fatty acids for Cats

Answer 16

Linoleic Acid (LA)
Arachidonic Acid (AA)
EPA and DHA

Question 17

What are sources of lipids?

Answer 17

Plants
leaves-ALA
grain/seed- LA, ALA
Animal tissue
variable
depend on animal and diet

Question 18

Purpose of Carbohydrates

Answer 18

Energy substrate (anaerobic and aerobic)
glucose is preferred energy substrate for the brain and fetus
Blood glucose
Gastrointestinal health and gut microbe function
more in microbial contribuiton

Question 19

How are carbohydrates characterized?

Answer 19

by the number of monosaccharide units
monosaccharose (1)
disaccharide (2)
oligosaccharide
3-10 monosaccharide units
polysaccharide
>10 monosaccharide units

Question 20

Bond between the monosaccharide subunits

Answer 20

Non-fiber
alpha 1-4
starch
Fiber
beta 1-4
cellulose

Question 21

Sources of Carbohydrates

Answer 21

Plants
grain
vegetables
forage
Animal
glycogen

Question 22

How are carbohydrates be represented on a food label?

Answer 22

Fiber