Macronutrients Flashcards
What are macronutrients?
Energy substrates
glucose for anaerobic metabolism
glucose, amino acids and fatty acids for aerobic metabolism
Source of essential nutrients
non-fiber and fiber carbohydrates
essential amino acid
essential fatty acid
Purpose of protein
muscle
hormones
enzymes
plasma oncotic pressure
acid/base balance
energy substrate
How much protein is needed?
Dog- 3.28BW^.75
Cat-4.96BW^.67
Horse-1.26*BW
Crude protein
Nitrogen%*6.25
does not differentiate amino acid vs non-amino acid nitrogen
Good quality protein
Rich in essential amino acid
provided through diet because the body does not make
By products as a source of protein
byproducts can be meat based
by products are organ meats-not typically used in human food production
ex. pork liver, beef kidney, chicken liver
Can plants be a good source of protein?
Yes for herbivores and omnivores
Not for carnivores
How can you tell if protein intake is adequate
MCS
Serum albumin
Purpose of lipids
Energy substrate (aerobic)
lipid membranes
fat soluble vitamin absorption
neurologic and retinal development
What are the 3 types of lipids?
Triglycerides
glycerol
3 fatty acids
Phospholipids
Free fatty acids
How are fatty acids characterized
By the number of double bonds
saturated=0 double bonds
unsaturated=more double bonds
Unsaturated
monounsaturated=1 double bond
polyunsaturated=2+ double bonds
all essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
How are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized
the number and location of double bonds
Omega-6
1st double bond at the 6th carbon from methyl end
linoleic acid (LA)
arachidonic acid (AA)
Omega-3
1st double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end
alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
EPA, DHA
anti-inflammatory
Fatty acids and their length
Short Chain
volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
<6 carbons
more in microbial contribution
Medium Chain
6-12 carbons
coconut oil
Long Chain
13-21 carbon
essential fatty acids are all long chain
Essential fatty acids for Dog
Linoleic Acid (LA)
Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA)
EPA and DHA
Essential fatty acids for Cats
Linoleic Acid (LA)
Arachidonic Acid (AA)
EPA and DHA
What are sources of lipids?
Plants
leaves-ALA
grain/seed- LA, ALA
Animal tissue
variable
depend on animal and diet
Purpose of Carbohydrates
Energy substrate (anaerobic and aerobic)
glucose is preferred energy substrate for the brain and fetus
Blood glucose
Gastrointestinal health and gut microbe function
more in microbial contribuiton
How are carbohydrates characterized?
by the number of monosaccharide units
monosaccharose (1)
disaccharide (2)
oligosaccharide
3-10 monosaccharide units
polysaccharide
>10 monosaccharide units
Bond between the monosaccharide subunits
Non-fiber
alpha 1-4
starch
Fiber
beta 1-4
cellulose
Sources of Carbohydrates
Plants
grain
vegetables
forage
Animal
glycogen
How are carbohydrates be represented on a food label?
Fiber
