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Normal Animal Exam 4 > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Micronutrients Categories

A

Macrominerals
Micromineral (trace mineral)
Water Soluble Vitamin
Fat Soluble Vitamins

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2
Q

Macrominerals

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur

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3
Q

Micromineral

A

Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Cobalt

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4
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

Cobalamin/B12
Folate/B9
Niacin/B3
Pyridozine/B6
Riboflavin/B2
Thiamine/B1

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5
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamin

A

Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin K

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6
Q

What does Calcium do

A

acid/base
cation
bone and teeth
blood coagulation muscle contration
nerve conduction

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7
Q

What if there is too little Calcium

A

milk fever in cow
eclampsia in bitch
tetany
osteopenia

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8
Q

Where is calcium

A

bone
dairy
dicalcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
calcium citrate
greens
legumes

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9
Q

What does Phosphorus do?

A

Acid/base
Anion
Energy (ATP)
Preservation on human food

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10
Q

What if there is too little/much phosphorus in the diet?

A

Little
Down cow
Much
metabolic bone diease if inverse calcium to phorphours ration
struvite stone
maybe chronic kidney disease

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11
Q

Where is Phosphorus

A

phospholipids
meat
grain, brans>forage
dicalcium phosphate
phosphates in pre-packed human food

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12
Q

What does complete and balanced mean?

A

calcium to phosphorus ration
general target 1:1-4:1 ration
1:1-2:1 is most common ratio
Consequences <1:1
increased PTH-pulls calcium from bone-osteopenia (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism)
Consequences>4:1
calcium based urolithiasis
down regulates PTH

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13
Q

Potassium

A

Cation +
Cellular action potential/contraction
forage, fruit and vegetables
potassium citrate/chloride/sulfate/gluconate

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14
Q

Magnesium

A

cation+
enzyme co factor-lots of function
kidney function
grass tetany if too little in the diet
alkalosis if too much in the diet
forage
magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate

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15
Q

Sodium

A

cation+
osmotic balance
salt toxicosis if too much salt and inadequate water access
sodium chloride

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16
Q

Chloride

A

Anion-
Under appreciated
can become low in the blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
various organic forms
sodium cholirde/potassium chloride

17
Q

Zinc and Copper

A

cofactors for several enzymes
skin and coat
bone and cartilage
ration 1:1-1:4
too little
achromotrichia, aortic rupture, poor doer
too much
copper hepatopathy
kidney disease

18
Q

Where are copper and zinc found?

A

Organ meat
zinc methionine
zinc sulfate
zinc oxide
copper sulfate
copper carbonate
copper oxide

19
Q

Iodine

A

thyroid hormone
iodized NaCl, pottassium iodine

20
Q

Iron

A

hemoglobin
anemia if too little
forage,grain
ferrous sulfate

21
Q

Sulfur

A

Anion-
Component of S-containing AA
To much degrades thiamine in the rumen-polioencephalomalacia

22
Q

Molybdenum

A

reduces the availability of other minerals

23
Q

Cation

A

potassium
sodium
magnesium

24
Q

Anion

A

Chloride
phosphorus
sulfur
methionine

25
Q

Vitamin D

A

Conversion of pro-vitamin D to vitamin D in the skin of dogs and cats is inefficient
too little-developmental orthopedic diseae
too much-developmental orthopedic disease and soft tissue calcification

26
Q

Where is Vitamin D found?

A

Liver, kidney
salmon
egg yolk
plants
human supplements (too high for animal consumption)

27
Q

Vitamin E

A

Tocopherol
Lipid antioxidant
protect PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake
too little
myopathy and fat necrosis

28
Q

Selenium

A

antioxidant (important for glutathion peroxidase)
thyroid hormone production (T3 and T4)
too little
white muscle disease
where is it
grain and forage if the soil is Se-rich
sodium selenite/selenite

29
Q

Vitamin K

A

blood clotting
phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

30
Q

Vitamin A

A

vision, antioxidant, growth
retinol, beta-carotene

31
Q

Cobalamin/B12

A

DNA
too little-GI disease and anemia
Where-animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes

32
Q

Folate/B9

A

DNA
too little-anemia

33
Q

Niacin/B3

A

energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+ and NADP+)

34
Q

Pyridoxine/B6

A

amino acid metabolism
in grains and legumes

35
Q

Thiamine/B1

A

energy metabolism (TCA)
In grains, byproducts
heat-labile
too little-neurologic diease

36
Q

Choline

A

fatty acid metabolism
fish, egg yold
choline chloride

37
Q

biotin

A

gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism
skin/coat/hooves
corn, gut microbes

Normal Animal Exam 4 (16 decks)

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