Micronutrients Flashcards
Micronutrients Categories
Macrominerals
Micromineral (trace mineral)
Water Soluble Vitamin
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Macrominerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chloride
Magnesium
Potassium
Sulfur
Micromineral
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Cobalt
Water Soluble Vitamins
Cobalamin/B12
Folate/B9
Niacin/B3
Pyridozine/B6
Riboflavin/B2
Thiamine/B1
Fat Soluble Vitamin
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
What does Calcium do
acid/base
cation
bone and teeth
blood coagulation muscle contration
nerve conduction
What if there is too little Calcium
milk fever in cow
eclampsia in bitch
tetany
osteopenia
Where is calcium
bone
dairy
dicalcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
calcium citrate
greens
legumes
What does Phosphorus do?
Acid/base
Anion
Energy (ATP)
Preservation on human food
What if there is too little/much phosphorus in the diet?
Little
Down cow
Much
metabolic bone diease if inverse calcium to phorphours ration
struvite stone
maybe chronic kidney disease
Where is Phosphorus
phospholipids
meat
grain, brans>forage
dicalcium phosphate
phosphates in pre-packed human food
What does complete and balanced mean?
calcium to phosphorus ration
general target 1:1-4:1 ration
1:1-2:1 is most common ratio
Consequences <1:1
increased PTH-pulls calcium from bone-osteopenia (nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism)
Consequences>4:1
calcium based urolithiasis
down regulates PTH
Potassium
Cation +
Cellular action potential/contraction
forage, fruit and vegetables
potassium citrate/chloride/sulfate/gluconate
Magnesium
cation+
enzyme co factor-lots of function
kidney function
grass tetany if too little in the diet
alkalosis if too much in the diet
forage
magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate
Sodium
cation+
osmotic balance
salt toxicosis if too much salt and inadequate water access
sodium chloride
Chloride
Anion-
Under appreciated
can become low in the blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
various organic forms
sodium cholirde/potassium chloride
Zinc and Copper
cofactors for several enzymes
skin and coat
bone and cartilage
ration 1:1-1:4
too little
achromotrichia, aortic rupture, poor doer
too much
copper hepatopathy
kidney disease
Where are copper and zinc found?
Organ meat
zinc methionine
zinc sulfate
zinc oxide
copper sulfate
copper carbonate
copper oxide
Iodine
thyroid hormone
iodized NaCl, pottassium iodine
Iron
hemoglobin
anemia if too little
forage,grain
ferrous sulfate
Sulfur
Anion-
Component of S-containing AA
To much degrades thiamine in the rumen-polioencephalomalacia
Molybdenum
reduces the availability of other minerals
Cation
potassium
sodium
magnesium
Anion
Chloride
phosphorus
sulfur
methionine
Vitamin D
Conversion of pro-vitamin D to vitamin D in the skin of dogs and cats is inefficient
too little-developmental orthopedic diseae
too much-developmental orthopedic disease and soft tissue calcification
Where is Vitamin D found?
Liver, kidney
salmon
egg yolk
plants
human supplements (too high for animal consumption)
Vitamin E
Tocopherol
Lipid antioxidant
protect PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake
too little
myopathy and fat necrosis
Selenium
antioxidant (important for glutathion peroxidase)
thyroid hormone production (T3 and T4)
too little
white muscle disease
where is it
grain and forage if the soil is Se-rich
sodium selenite/selenite
Vitamin K
blood clotting
phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione
Vitamin A
vision, antioxidant, growth
retinol, beta-carotene
Cobalamin/B12
DNA
too little-GI disease and anemia
Where-animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes
Folate/B9
DNA
too little-anemia
Niacin/B3
energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+ and NADP+)
Pyridoxine/B6
amino acid metabolism
in grains and legumes
Thiamine/B1
energy metabolism (TCA)
In grains, byproducts
heat-labile
too little-neurologic diease
Choline
fatty acid metabolism
fish, egg yold
choline chloride
biotin
gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism
skin/coat/hooves
corn, gut microbes
