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Geography Physical > WATER AND CARBON Pt1 - Natural Systems + Climate Change > Flashcards

WATER AND CARBON Pt1 - Natural Systems + Climate Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a system when linked to natural systems?

A

An assemblage of stores and flows working together by a driving force

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2
Q

What is the definition of elements when linked to natural systems?

A

Key parts of a system

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3
Q

What is the definition of attributes when linked to natural systems?

A

Key characteristics of elements

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4
Q

What is the definition of relationships when linked to natural systems?

A

How different elements work together to form a process

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5
Q

What are the key features of a system? (4)

A
  1. Held together by a boundary
  2. Generalisations of reality > minor details removed
  3. Function by having inputs + outputs of material (energy or matter) that is processed along the way
  4. Material flows from one component to another
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6
Q

What are the 3 system types?

A
  1. Isolated
  2. Closed
  3. Open
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7
Q

Explain what an isolated system is and give an example

A
  • no interaction with anything outside the system boundary
  • e.g. lab experiments
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8
Q

Explain what a closed system is and give an example

A
  • energy transferred into + out of system. All matter enclosed
  • e.g. global water and carbon cycles
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9
Q

Explain what a open system is and give examples

A
  • matter + energy can be transferred from the system into the surrounding environment
  • e.g. drainage basin (water) or a woodland
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of feedback?

A

Positive and negative

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11
Q

Explain positive feedback (snowballing effect)

A

Effects of actions are amplified by changes to inputs/outputs/processes e.g. global temp rise

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12
Q

Explain negative feedback

A

Effects of an action are nullified by changes in inputs/outputs/processes e.g. incr in atmospheric CO2

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13
Q

What are the 5 sub systems and what do they have part of it?

What’s their specific name that means they all have links together?

A
  1. Lithosphere (crust)
  2. Biosphere (all living)
  3. Atmosphere (gases)
  4. Cryosphere (frozen water)
  5. Hydrosphere
    (Surface water)
  • cascading system
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14
Q

What are the 5 key ways of climate change mitigation?

A
  1. Carbon capture and sequestration
  2. Modifying deforestation
  3. Political incentives
  4. Changing rural land use
  5. Improved aviation practises
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15
Q

CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

  1. what is it
  2. what is the percentage it can catch up to
  3. what is the CCS chain and what are the 3 methods for the first stage
  4. example of CCS
A
  1. using technology which can capture co2 emissions produced in electricity generation and industrial processes
  2. 90%
  4. capturing CO2 and separating from other gases
    a - pre combustion capture
    b - post combustion capture
    c - oxy fuel combustion
  5. transporting co2 by pipeline or ship to storage location
  6. securely store co2 underground
  7. Saskachewan Canada
    - 110 megawatt coal power and CCS
    - “Boundary Dam”
    - captures 90% > 1 mil tonnes per year
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16
Q

MODIFYING DEFORESTATION

  1. what are the 3 strategies to combat deforestation which is unsustainable?
A
    • consumers encouraged to buy wood certified by FSC
    • offset payments > to offset carbon emissions
    • selective management systems
17
Q

POLITICAL INITIATIVES

  1. what was included in the global climate deal signed by 195 counties in paris dec 2015
  2. what is brazils policy linked to deforestation
  3. what is Sri Lanka’s decision
A
    • no > 1.5 degrees celsius increase
    • meet every 5 years to set more targets
  2. 2005 policy to cut deforestation rates by 80%
  3. decision to protect all its mangrove forests in 2015
18
Q

CHANGING RURAL USE

  1. methods to incr carbon storage
A
    • avoid overgrazing
    • add manures and fertilised
    • revegatation
    • irrigation
19
Q

IMPROVE AVIATION PRACTISES

  1. how many passengers were carried in 2013 and how many million tonnes of co2 did this produce
  2. what are the 3 categories in ways to improve aviation + 2 examples for each
A
  1. 3 billion passengers + 705 mil tonnes of co2
    • movement management e.g. towing aircraft while on the ground + adopting fuel efficient routes
    • flight management e.g. cruising at a lower speed + 100% occupancy of seats
    • design and technology e.g. improved aerodynamics + increased engine efficiency

Geography Physical (5 decks)

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