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GEOGRAPHY > Water And Carbon New > Flashcards

Water And Carbon New Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs

A

Matter or energy is added to the system

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2
Q

Outputs

A

Matter or energy leaves the system

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3
Q

Stores

A

Matter or energy builds up in the system

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4
Q

Flows

A

Matter or energy moves in the system,

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5
Q

Boundaries

A

Limits to the system
E.g watershed

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6
Q

Open system

A

System receives inputs and transfers outputs

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7
Q

Closed systems

A

Energy inputs equal outputs

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8
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Inputs dual outputs despite changing conditions

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

Chain of events amplifies the impacts the original event

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10
Q

Negative feedbacks

A

Chain of events that nullifies the impacts of the original event
Leads to dynamic equilibrium

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11
Q

In a local drainage basin, how may water be lost as an output

A

Evapotranspiration
Runoff

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12
Q

Input of precipitation

A

Water that falls to the surface of the earth from the atmosphere- rain, snow, hail

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of rainfall
State only

A

Conventional
Relief
Frontal

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14
Q

Conventional rainfall

A

Due to heating by the sun
Warm air rises
Condenses in the higher altitudes
Falls as rain

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15
Q

Relief rainfall

A

Warm air is forced upwards
By a barrier such as mountains
Causes it to condense
Falls as rain

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16
Q

Frontal rainfall

A

Warm air rises over cool air
Two bodies of different temperatures
Warm air is les dense and lighter
Condenses at higher altitudes and falls as rain

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17
Q

Output- Evapotranspiration

A

Compromised of evaporation and transpiration

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18
Q

Flows- infiltration

A

Process of water moving from above the ground into the soil

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19
Q

Flows- percolation

A
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20
Q

Inputs

A

Matter or energy is added to the system

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21
Q

Outputs

A

Matter or energy leaves the system

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22
Q

Stores

A

When matter or energy builds up

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23
Q

Flows

A

Matter or energy moves from one store to another

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24
Q

Boundaries

A

Limits of the system

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25
Open system
Energy and matter CAN enter and leave an open system
26
Closed system
Matter CANT enter or leave Energy CAN enter and leave
27
Equilibrium
Flows and processes continue to happen but there’s no overall changes to the system
28
Positive feedback
Mechanisms amplify the change in the inputs or outputs System responds by increasing the effects of the change in Moves the system even further from it previous state
29
Negative feedback
Mechanisms counteract the change in the inputs or outputs System responds by decreasing the effects of the change in Moves Keeps the system closer to its previous state
30
Cryosphere
Includes all the parts of the earth where it’s cold enough for water to freeze. Glacial landscapes
31
Lithosphere
The outermost part of the earth Incudes the crust and the upper parts of the mantle
32
Biosphere
Part of the earths system where living things are found Includes all the living parts of the earth Plants, animals, birds, fungi, insects, bacteria etc.
33
Hydrosphere
Includes all the water on the earth Can be in a liquid form- lakes and rivers Solid form- ice Gas- water vapour Can also be saline- salty or fresh.
34
Atmosph
Layer of gas between the earths surface and space, held in place by gravity
35
Throughflow
Water moves through the soil and into streams or rivers Speed of flow is dependent on the type of soil. Clay- slower flow rate Sandy soils- quickly
36
Surface run off
Water flows above the ground
37
Groundwater flow
Water moves through the rocks
38
Streamflow
Water that moves through established channels- fast
39
Stem flow
Flow of water that has been intercepted by plants or trees, down a stem, leaf, branch or the other part of a plant
40
Stores- soil water
Water that is stored in the soil which is utilised by plants
41
Stores- groundwater
Water that is stored in the pore spaces of rock
42
Stores- interception
Water intercepted by plants or their branches and leaves before reaching the ground
43
What’s the water balance
Used ti express the process of water storage and transfer in a drainage basin
44
How can the water cycle be impacted on a local scale
Deforestation Storm events Seasonal changes Agriculture Urbanisation
45
Changes to the water cycle- deforestation
Less interception by trees so surface runoff increases Soil is no longer held together by roots So soil water storage decreases Fewer plants- transpiration decreases
46
Changes to the water cycle- storm events
Large amounts of rainfall Saturates the ground
47
What does the soil water budget show
Shows the annual balance between inputs and outputs in the water cycle and their impact on soil water storage/ availability
48
What is the soil water budget dependant on
Type Depth Permeability of the soils nd bedrock
49
Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- autumn
Greater input from precipitation than there is an output from Evapotranspiration.
50
Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- winter
Potential Evapotranspiration from pants reach a minimum due to the colder temperatures
51
Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- spring
Potential Evapotranspiration increases as temperature get higher and plants start photosynthesising more Still water surplus
52
How can the water cycle change over time
Seasonal changes Storm events Droughts El Niño
53
Human impacts on the water cycle
Farming practices Land use change Water abstraction
54
What is a flood hydrograph is used to represent
Rainfall for the drainage basin of a river and the discharge of the same river on a graph
55
Flood hydrograph: discharge
Volume of water passing through a cross-sectional point of the river at any one point in time Measured in cumecs
56
Flood hydrograph- rising limb
The line on the groan that represents the discharge increasing
57
Flood hydrograph- falling limb
The line on the graph that represents the discharge deceasing
58
Flood hydrograph- lag time
The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge
59
Flood hydrograph- base flow
The level of groundwater flow
60
Flood hydrograph- storm flow
Comprised of overland flow and throughflow
61
Flood hydrograph- bankfull discharge
Max capacity of the river.
62
Flashy hydrograph
Short lag time and high peak discharge Most likely to occur during a storm event, with favourable drainage basin characteristics
63
Features of a flashy hydrograph
Short lag time Steep rising and falling limb Higher flood risk Higher peak discharge
64
Features of a subdued hydrograph
Long lag time Gradually rising and falling limb Lower flood risk Low peak discharge
65
Combustion
When fossils fuels and organic matter such as trees are burnt They admit co2 into the atmosphere that was previously locked inside of them.
66
Decomposition
When living organisms die they are broken down by decomposes which respire Returning c02 into the atmosphere
67
Diffusion
Oceans can absorb c02 from the atmosphere which has increased ocean acidity
68
Weathering and erosion
Rocks are eroded on land or broken down by carbonation weathering.
69
Burial and compaction
When shelled marine organisms die their shells fall onto the ocean floor and become compacted over time to form limestone.
70
Carbon sequestration
Transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to other stores and can be both natural and artificial
71
Causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect
Land use change Fertilisers Deforestation Urbanisation
72

GEOGRAPHY (13 decks)

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