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GEOGRAPHY > Water And Carbon New > Flashcards

Water And Carbon New Flashcards

1
Q

Inputs

A

Matter or energy is added to the system

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2
Q

Outputs

A

Matter or energy leaves the system

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3
Q

Stores

A

Matter or energy builds up in the system

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4
Q

Flows

A

Matter or energy moves in the system,

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5
Q

Boundaries

A

Limits to the system
E.g watershed

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6
Q

Open system

A

System receives inputs and transfers outputs

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7
Q

Closed systems

A

Energy inputs equal outputs

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8
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Inputs dual outputs despite changing conditions

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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

Chain of events amplifies the impacts the original event

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10
Q

Negative feedbacks

A

Chain of events that nullifies the impacts of the original event
Leads to dynamic equilibrium

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11
Q

In a local drainage basin, how may water be lost as an output

A

Evapotranspiration
Runoff

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12
Q

Input of precipitation

A

Water that falls to the surface of the earth from the atmosphere- rain, snow, hail

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of rainfall
State only

A

Conventional
Relief
Frontal

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14
Q

Conventional rainfall

A

Due to heating by the sun
Warm air rises
Condenses in the higher altitudes
Falls as rain

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15
Q

Relief rainfall

A

Warm air is forced upwards
By a barrier such as mountains
Causes it to condense
Falls as rain

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16
Q

Frontal rainfall

A

Warm air rises over cool air
Two bodies of different temperatures
Warm air is les dense and lighter
Condenses at higher altitudes and falls as rain

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17
Q

Output- Evapotranspiration

A

Compromised of evaporation and transpiration

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18
Q

Flows- infiltration

A

Process of water moving from above the ground into the soil

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19
Q

Flows- percolation

A
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20
Q

Inputs

A

Matter or energy is added to the system

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21
Q

Outputs

A

Matter or energy leaves the system

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22
Q

Stores

A

When matter or energy builds up

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23
Q

Flows

A

Matter or energy moves from one store to another

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24
Q

Boundaries

A

Limits of the system

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25
Q

Open system

A

Energy and matter CAN enter and leave an open system

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26
Q

Closed system

A

Matter CANT enter or leave
Energy CAN enter and leave

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27
Q

Equilibrium

A

Flows and processes continue to happen but there’s no overall changes to the system

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28
Q

Positive feedback

A

Mechanisms amplify the change in the inputs or outputs
System responds by increasing the effects of the change in
Moves the system even further from it previous state

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29
Q

Negative feedback

A

Mechanisms counteract the change in the inputs or outputs
System responds by decreasing the effects of the change in Moves
Keeps the system closer to its previous state

30
Q

Cryosphere

A

Includes all the parts of the earth where it’s cold enough for water to freeze.
Glacial landscapes

31
Q

Lithosphere

A

The outermost part of the earth
Incudes the crust and the upper parts of the mantle

32
Q

Biosphere

A

Part of the earths system where living things are found
Includes all the living parts of the earth
Plants, animals, birds, fungi, insects, bacteria etc.

33
Q

Hydrosphere

A

Includes all the water on the earth
Can be in a liquid form- lakes and rivers
Solid form- ice
Gas- water vapour
Can also be saline- salty or fresh.

34
Q

Atmosph

A

Layer of gas between the earths surface and space, held in place by gravity

35
Q

Throughflow

A

Water moves through the soil and into streams or rivers
Speed of flow is dependent on the type of soil.
Clay- slower flow rate
Sandy soils- quickly

36
Q

Surface run off

A

Water flows above the ground

37
Q

Groundwater flow

A

Water moves through the rocks

38
Q

Streamflow

A

Water that moves through established channels- fast

39
Q

Stem flow

A

Flow of water that has been intercepted by plants or trees, down a stem, leaf, branch or the other part of a plant

40
Q

Stores- soil water

A

Water that is stored in the soil which is utilised by plants

41
Q

Stores- groundwater

A

Water that is stored in the pore spaces of rock

42
Q

Stores- interception

A

Water intercepted by plants or their branches and leaves before reaching the ground

43
Q

What’s the water balance

A

Used ti express the process of water storage and transfer in a drainage basin

44
Q

How can the water cycle be impacted on a local scale

A

Deforestation
Storm events
Seasonal changes
Agriculture
Urbanisation

45
Q

Changes to the water cycle- deforestation

A

Less interception by trees so surface runoff increases
Soil is no longer held together by roots
So soil water storage decreases
Fewer plants- transpiration decreases

46
Q

Changes to the water cycle- storm events

A

Large amounts of rainfall
Saturates the ground

47
Q

What does the soil water budget show

A

Shows the annual balance between inputs and outputs in the water cycle and their impact on soil water storage/ availability

48
Q

What is the soil water budget dependant on

A

Type
Depth
Permeability of the soils nd bedrock

49
Q

Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- autumn

A

Greater input from precipitation than there is an output from Evapotranspiration.

50
Q

Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- winter

A

Potential Evapotranspiration from pants reach a minimum due to the colder temperatures

51
Q

Seasonal variation of the soil water budget- spring

A

Potential Evapotranspiration increases as temperature get higher and plants start photosynthesising more
Still water surplus

52
Q

How can the water cycle change over time

A

Seasonal changes
Storm events
Droughts
El Niño

53
Q

Human impacts on the water cycle

A

Farming practices
Land use change
Water abstraction

54
Q

What is a flood hydrograph is used to represent

A

Rainfall for the drainage basin of a river and the discharge of the same river on a graph

55
Q

Flood hydrograph: discharge

A

Volume of water passing through a cross-sectional point of the river at any one point in time
Measured in cumecs

56
Q

Flood hydrograph- rising limb

A

The line on the groan that represents the discharge increasing

57
Q

Flood hydrograph- falling limb

A

The line on the graph that represents the discharge deceasing

58
Q

Flood hydrograph- lag time

A

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

59
Q

Flood hydrograph- base flow

A

The level of groundwater flow

60
Q

Flood hydrograph- storm flow

A

Comprised of overland flow and throughflow

61
Q

Flood hydrograph- bankfull discharge

A

Max capacity of the river.

62
Q

Flashy hydrograph

A

Short lag time and high peak discharge
Most likely to occur during a storm event, with favourable drainage basin characteristics

63
Q

Features of a flashy hydrograph

A

Short lag time
Steep rising and falling limb
Higher flood risk
Higher peak discharge

64
Q

Features of a subdued hydrograph

A

Long lag time
Gradually rising and falling limb
Lower flood risk
Low peak discharge

65
Q

Combustion

A

When fossils fuels and organic matter such as trees are burnt
They admit co2 into the atmosphere that was previously locked inside of them.

66
Q

Decomposition

A

When living organisms die they are broken down by decomposes which respire
Returning c02 into the atmosphere

67
Q

Diffusion

A

Oceans can absorb c02 from the atmosphere which has increased ocean acidity

68
Q

Weathering and erosion

A

Rocks are eroded on land or broken down by carbonation weathering.

69
Q

Burial and compaction

A

When shelled marine organisms die their shells fall onto the ocean floor and become compacted over time to form limestone.

70
Q

Carbon sequestration

A

Transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to other stores and can be both natural and artificial

71
Q

Causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Land use change
Fertilisers
Deforestation
Urbanisation

GEOGRAPHY (12 decks)

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