WATER AND CARBON Flashcards
What are inputs
Where matter of energy is added to the system.
What are outputs
Where matter or energy leaves the system
What are stores
Where matter or energy builds up in the system
What are flows
Where matter or energy moves in a system
What are boundaries
Limits to the system- watershed.
In a water cycle what is the input
Precipitation
In a WC what are the outputs
Evapotranspiration
Streamflow
In a WC what are the stores
Groundwater
Soil water
Rivers
Interception
Surface
In a WC what are the flows
Infiltration
Percolation
Throughflow
Surface runoff
Ground water flow
Streamflow
Stem flow
How is the WC impacted by deforestion
Less interception can happen.
Less soil able to store water
How can storm events effect the WC
Increase runoff and water storage
How can seasons changes impacted the WC
More interception in spring and summer means less in winter
Snow reduces flows
Hot weather reduces precipitation
How can agriculture impact the WC
Livestock trample on the ground so less infiltration
Ploughing crops increases infiltration
Ditches increase runoff
How can urbanisation impact the WC
Impermeable surfaces increase runoff
What does the soil budget show?
The annual balance between inputs and outputs in the WC.
Also how inputs and outputs impact soil water storage and availability.
What are the 4 areas in which water can be stored
Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Cryosphere
Atmosphere
How can water abstraction impact the WC
Reduces the volume of water in surface stores
Increases in dry seasons
What is a flood hydrograph used to represent
Rainfall from the drainage basin of a river and the discharge of the same river on a graph.
What does a flashy hydrograph include
Short lag time
Steep rising and falling limb
Higher flood risk
High peak discharge
What characterises does a delayed hydrograph include
Long lag time
Gradually rising and falling limb
Flower flood risk
Lower peak discharge
What is dynamic equilibrium
Inputs= outputs despite changing conditions
In what wats can the water cycle by impacted by on a local scale
Deforestation
Storm events
Seasonal changes
Agriculture
Urbanisation
Explain a soil moisture budget
Shows annual balance between inputs and outputs in the water cycle
Shows how inputs and outputs impact soil water storage and availability
Surplus water in winter months
