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GEOGRAPHY > HAZARDS > Flashcards

HAZARDS Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of geological hazards

A

Geophysical- land
Atmospheric- wind
Hydrological- water

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2
Q

Perception

A

How people have different viewpoints of how dangerous hazards are and the risk they pose.
Dependant on lifestyle factors.
E.g a wealthy person worries less as they have to money to solve the damage

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3
Q

Fatalism

A

The viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events
Losses should be accepted as there is nothing we can do about it.

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4
Q

Prediction

A

Using scientific research and paste events, to know when a hazard might take place.
So that warnings can be delivered and the impacts can be reduced.

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

Attempting to live with the hazard
Adjusting lifestyle choices
So that vulnerability of the hazard is reduced

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6
Q

Mitigation

A

Strategies that help to reduce the severity of the hazard

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7
Q

Management

A

Strategies to reduce the hazards effects

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8
Q

Risk sharing

A

Community preparedness: share risks and invest collectively.

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9
Q

Park model

A

Graphical representation of steps carried out in HAZARD RECOVERY
Rough time frame
Good for comparing hazards

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10
Q

Stages of the park model 1,2,3

A

1- relief. (Hours and days). Immediate local response: medical age, search and rescue
2- rehabilitation. services begin to be restored. Food and water. Temporary shelters.
3- reconstruction. Restoring the area

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11
Q

Hazard management cycle

A

Outlines the stages of responding to events, showing the same stages take place after every hazard

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12
Q

4 stages of the hazard management cycle

A

Preparedness.
Response
Recovery
Mitigation

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13
Q

Inner core

A

Solid ball of iron or nickel
Very hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
Responsible for earths internal energy

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14
Q

Outer core

A

Semi- molten
Iron/ nickel

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15
Q

Mantle

A

Main,y solid
Rocks high in silicone
Top of many,e is the asthenosphere

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16
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Semi molten
Moves due to convection currents
Lithosphere above

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17
Q

Lithosphere

A

Broken up into plates
Top is the crust

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18
Q

Crust

A

Thin top of the lithosphere
Oceanic crust is dense and is destroyed by plate movement
Continental crust is less dense and is NOT destroyed

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19
Q

Destructive plate boundaries direction

A

Towards

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20
Q

Conservative movement

A

Along side

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21
Q

Constructive movement

A

Away from eachother

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22
Q

Landforms made by destructive plate margin

A

Volacnoes
Fold mountains
Earthquakes
Island arcs
Ocean trenches

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23
Q

Landforms made by conservative

A

Eq

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24
Q

Landforms made by constructive

A

Volcanoes
Eq
Ocean ridges
Rift valley

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25
Q

Destructive (continental and oceanic)

A

Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental
Leave a deep ocean trench

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26
Q

Destructive (oceanic and oceanic)

A

Heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench
Built up pressure causes and underwater volacnoes
Lava cools and causes island arcs

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27
Q

Destructive (continental and continental)

A

Both plates not as dense
Oceanic is subducted slightly
Fold mountains form

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28
Q

Ridge push

A

Gravity pushes plates further away
Widens gap
Known as gravitational sliding

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29
Q

Slab pull

A

When a plate subducts
Plate sinks into the mantle and pulls the rest of the plate

30
Q

Hotspots

A

Areas of volcanic activity
Not related to plate boundaries
Hot magma plumes burn though weaker parts of the crust
Creates volcanoes and islands
Hawaii

31
Q

Hazards caused by volcanoes

A

Lava flows
Lahars
Floods
Tephra
Toxic gases
Acids
Pyroclastic flows

32
Q

Primary effects of a volcano

A

Environ- ecosystems damaged. Wildlife killed
Economic- businesses and industries destroyed
Social- people killed. Homes destroyed
Political- government buildings destroyed

33
Q

Secondary effects of a volcano

A

Environ- acid rain. Greenhouse effect
Economic- jobs lost. Profit from tourism
Social- fires can start. Mudflows or floods. Trauma. Homelessness.
Political- conflicts about government response

34
Q

Shockwaves

A

Energy released from sudden jolt that vibrates through the ground

35
Q

Tsunamis

A

Caused when water is displaced by plates moving underwater. Creating a large wave

36
Q

Liquefaction

A

When soil is saturated, the vibrations cause it to act like liquid
Soil becomes weaker and more likely to move.
Causes landslides and avalanches

37
Q

Primary effects of a seismic hazard

A

Environ- cause fault lines. Destroy the environment. Liquefaction
Economic- businesses destroyed.
Social- buildings collapse. Traps people
Political- government buildings destroyed

38
Q

Secondary effects of seismic hazards

A

Environ- saltwater flood freshwater ecosystems. Radioactive materials.
Economic- money declines as businesses are destroyed. High cost of rebuilding.
Social- gas pipes rupture. Disease spreads.
Political- borrowing money

39
Q

Tropical storm

A

Air is heated up from 27* water or more
Air rises and condenses and forms clouds
This releases energy
Moisture is blown out, causing torrential rain
Air spins due to the Coriolis Effect and spirals round the eye.
Cold and denser air sinks in the eye- making it clear and dry.

40
Q

Hazards caused by tropical storms

A

High winds
Flooding
Landslides
Storm surges

41
Q

Condition for a TS to form

A

At least 27*c
At least 50m deep
Unstable air pressure

42
Q

What is the magnitude for a TS measured on

A

Saffir- Simpson scale
Based on 1-5

43
Q

Regularity of TS

A

Irregular
Paths do not follow a set route

44
Q

Predictability of a TS

A

Form away from land
Satellite tracking
General route can be calculated

45
Q

Primary effects of a TS

A

Environ- beaches eroded, sand displaced, coastal habitats destroyed
Economic- businesses destroyed. Agricultural land damaged
Social- drowning, debris can injure or kill people
Political- government buildings destroyed

46
Q

Secondary effects of a TS

A

Environ- river flooding, animals displaced,
Economic- high cost of rebuilding, loss of income- sources
Social- homelessness, polluted water supplies spread diseases, food shortages
Political- issues with international aid, pressure from government about global warming.

47
Q

Prevention of a TS

A

Cannot be avoided

48
Q

Preparedness

A

Education
Evacuation plans
Storm warning systems

49
Q

Mitigation

A

Search and rescue
Strengthening home
Clearing loose debris

50
Q

Adaptation

A

Move away from risk area
Design better buildings
Flood defences

51
Q

Wildfire

A

An uncontrollable fire that quickly spreads though vegetation

52
Q

Favourable vegetation type of a wildfire

A

Thick, close together vegetation
Trees and thick bushes
Vegetation with flammable oils- eucalyptus
Dry

53
Q

Human causes of wildfires

A

Arson, bbqs, lit cigarettes, agriculture, train lines

54
Q

Natural causes of WF

A

Spontaneous combustion
Volcaneos
Lightning

55
Q

Primary effects of wildfires

A

Environ- air pollution, water pollution, toxic gases
Economic- businesses destroyed, agricultural land damaged
Social- people killed, homes destroyed, people gone missing
Political- government buildings destroyed

56
Q

Secondary effects of WFs

A

Environ- migration patterns of animals, seed germination
Economic- high cost of rebuilding, lost income sources, planes cancelled
Social- homelessness, food shortages, health problems, ptsd
Political- borrowing international aid money, pressure from government about global warming.

57
Q

Prevention of WFs

A

Not be avoided
Awareness about human controlled fires

58
Q

Preparedness

A

Public awareness
Evacuation plans
Satellite images
Red flag warning

59
Q

Mitigation

A

Search and rescue
Removing flammable material- leaves
Spraying water

60
Q

Adaptation

A

Move away from risk area
Fire breaks to stop the spread
Reducing carbon footprint
Insurance to cover damage

61
Q

Ocean ridge

A

Plates move apart
Underwater volacnoes can erupt and build up to reach surface to form islands

62
Q

Rift valley

A

Rising magma that causes the crust to bulge and fracture.
Causes faults
Land between the fault drops down to form a rift valley
Great African rift

63
Q

Fold mountains

A

When sediments fold upwards
Himalayas

64
Q

How often do low magnitude seismic hazards occur

A

Frequently
Can be 100s of small ones a day

65
Q

What are TS measured on

A

Safari-Simpson scale

66
Q

What is the frequency of TSs

A

100 per year

67
Q

How do they predict and track TS

A

Using satellite imagery and models

68
Q

What conditions are needed for a wildfire

A

Vegetation
Fuel
Climate and weather
Fuel
Natural
Human

69
Q

When did BS happen

A

Feb 2009

70
Q

What are the effects of BS

A

173 deaths
3500 properties destroyed
7000 people displaced
1 million animals killed
Properties were looted

GEOGRAPHY (10 decks)

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