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GEOGRAPHY > HAZARDS > Flashcards

HAZARDS Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of geological hazards

A

Geophysical- land
Atmospheric- wind
Hydrological- water

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2
Q

Perception

A

How people have different viewpoints of how dangerous hazards are and the risk they pose.
Dependant on lifestyle factors.
E.g a wealthy person worries less as they have to money to solve the damage

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3
Q

Fatalism

A

The viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable natural events
Losses should be accepted as there is nothing we can do about it.

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4
Q

Prediction

A

Using scientific research and paste events, to know when a hazard might take place.
So that warnings can be delivered and the impacts can be reduced.

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

Attempting to live with the hazard
Adjusting lifestyle choices
So that vulnerability of the hazard is reduced

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6
Q

Mitigation

A

Strategies that help to reduce the severity of the hazard

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7
Q

Management

A

Strategies to reduce the hazards effects

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8
Q

Risk sharing

A

Community preparedness: share risks and invest collectively.

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9
Q

Park model

A

Graphical representation of steps carried out in HAZARD RECOVERY
Rough time frame
Good for comparing hazards

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10
Q

Stages of the park model 1,2,3

A

1- relief. (Hours and days). Immediate local response: medical age, search and rescue
2- rehabilitation. services begin to be restored. Food and water. Temporary shelters.
3- reconstruction. Restoring the area

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11
Q

Hazard management cycle

A

Outlines the stages of responding to events, showing the same stages take place after every hazard

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12
Q

4 stages of the hazard management cycle

A

Preparedness.
Response
Recovery
Mitigation

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13
Q

Inner core

A

Solid ball of iron or nickel
Very hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
Responsible for earths internal energy

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14
Q

Outer core

A

Semi- molten
Iron/ nickel

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15
Q

Mantle

A

Main,y solid
Rocks high in silicone
Top of many,e is the asthenosphere

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16
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Semi molten
Moves due to convection currents
Lithosphere above

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17
Q

Lithosphere

A

Broken up into plates
Top is the crust

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18
Q

Crust

A

Thin top of the lithosphere
Oceanic crust is dense and is destroyed by plate movement
Continental crust is less dense and is NOT destroyed

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19
Q

Destructive plate boundaries direction

A

Towards

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20
Q

Conservative movement

A

Along side

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21
Q

Constructive movement

A

Away from eachother

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22
Q

Landforms made by destructive plate margin

A

Volacnoes
Fold mountains
Earthquakes
Island arcs
Ocean trenches

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23
Q

Landforms made by conservative

A

Eq

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24
Q

Landforms made by constructive

A

Volcanoes
Eq
Ocean ridges
Rift valley

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25
Q

Destructive (continental and oceanic)

A

Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental
Leave a deep ocean trench

26
Q

Destructive (oceanic and oceanic)

A

Heavier plate subducts leaving an ocean trench
Built up pressure causes and underwater volacnoes
Lava cools and causes island arcs

27
Q

Destructive (continental and continental)

A

Both plates not as dense
Oceanic is subducted slightly
Fold mountains form

28
Q

Ridge push

A

Gravity pushes plates further away
Widens gap
Known as gravitational sliding

29
Q

Slab pull

A

When a plate subducts
Plate sinks into the mantle and pulls the rest of the plate

30
Q

Hotspots

A

Areas of volcanic activity
Not related to plate boundaries
Hot magma plumes burn though weaker parts of the crust
Creates volcanoes and islands
Hawaii

31
Q

Hazards caused by volcanoes

A

Lava flows
Lahars
Floods
Tephra
Toxic gases
Acids
Pyroclastic flows

32
Q

Primary effects of a volcano

A

Environ- ecosystems damaged. Wildlife killed
Economic- businesses and industries destroyed
Social- people killed. Homes destroyed
Political- government buildings destroyed

33
Q

Secondary effects of a volcano

A

Environ- acid rain. Greenhouse effect
Economic- jobs lost. Profit from tourism
Social- fires can start. Mudflows or floods. Trauma. Homelessness.
Political- conflicts about government response

34
Q

Shockwaves

A

Energy released from sudden jolt that vibrates through the ground

35
Q

Tsunamis

A

Caused when water is displaced by plates moving underwater. Creating a large wave

36
Q

Liquefaction

A

When soil is saturated, the vibrations cause it to act like liquid
Soil becomes weaker and more likely to move.
Causes landslides and avalanches

37
Q

Primary effects of a seismic hazard

A

Environ- cause fault lines. Destroy the environment. Liquefaction
Economic- businesses destroyed.
Social- buildings collapse. Traps people
Political- government buildings destroyed

38
Q

Secondary effects of seismic hazards

A

Environ- saltwater flood freshwater ecosystems. Radioactive materials.
Economic- money declines as businesses are destroyed. High cost of rebuilding.
Social- gas pipes rupture. Disease spreads.
Political- borrowing money

39
Q

Tropical storm

A

A low pressure, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain.

40
Q

Hazards caused by tropical storms

A

High winds
Flooding
Landslides
Storm surges

41
Q

Condition for a TS to form

A

At least 27*c
At least 50m deep
Unstable air pressure

42
Q

What is the magnitude for a TS measured on

A

Saffir- Simpson scale
Based on 1-5

43
Q

Regularity of TS

A

Irregular
Paths do not follow a set route

44
Q

Predictability of a TS

A

Form away from land
Satellite tracking
General route can be calculated

45
Q

Primary effects of a TS

A

Environ- beaches eroded, sand displaced, coastal habitats destroyed
Economic- businesses destroyed. Agricultural land damaged
Social- drowning, debris can injure or kill people
Political- government buildings destroyed

46
Q

Secondary effects of a TS

A

Environ- river flooding, animals displaced,
Economic- high cost of rebuilding, loss of income- sources
Social- homelessness, polluted water supplies spread diseases, food shortages
Political- issues with international aid, pressure from government about global warming.

47
Q

Prevention of a TS

A

Cannot be avoided

48
Q

Preparedness

A

Education
Evacuation plans
Storm warning systems

49
Q

Mitigation

A

Search and rescue
Strengthening home
Clearing loose debris

50
Q

Adaptation

A

Move away from risk area
Design better buildings
Flood defences

51
Q

Wildfire

A

An uncontrollable fire that quickly spreads though vegetation

52
Q

Favourable vegetation type of a wildfire

A

Thick, close together vegetation
Trees and thick bushes
Vegetation with flammable oils- eucalyptus
Dry

53
Q

Human causes of wildfires

A

Arson, bbqs, lit cigarettes, agriculture, train lines

54
Q

Natural causes of WF

A

Spontaneous combustion
Volcaneos
Lightning

55
Q

Primary effects of wildfires

A

Environ- air pollution, water pollution, toxic gases
Economic- businesses destroyed, agricultural land damaged
Social- people killed, homes destroyed, people gone missing
Political- government buildings destroyed

56
Q

Secondary effects of WFs

A

Environ- migration patterns of animals, seed germination
Economic- high cost of rebuilding, lost income sources, planes cancelled
Social- homelessness, food shortages, health problems, ptsd
Political- borrowing international aid money, pressure from government about global warming.

57
Q

Prevention of WFs

A

Not be avoided
Awareness about human controlled fires

58
Q

Preparedness

A

Public awareness
Evacuation plans
Satellite images
Red flag warning

59
Q

Mitigation

A

Search and rescue
Removing flammable material- leaves
Spraying water

60
Q

Adaptation

A

Move away from risk area
Fire breaks to stop the spread
Reducing carbon footprint
Insurance to cover damage

GEOGRAPHY (10 decks)

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