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A Level geog > Water and Carbon Cycle > Flashcards

Water and Carbon Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Systems

A

On a local scale, the water and carbon cycles are both open systems however, on a global scale they are closed systems

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2
Q

The Water Cycle outputs

A

Run-Off

Evapotranspiration

Streamflow

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3
Q

The Water Cycle Inputs

A

Precipitation

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4
Q

The Water Cycle flows

A

Infiltration

Percolation

Throughflow

Surface runoff

groundwater flow

stemflow

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5
Q

The water cycle stores

A

Groundwater

Soil Water

River Channel

Interception

Surface Storage

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6
Q

The Water Balance

A

Used to express the rates of water storage and transfers in a drainage basin system

Precipitation = total runoff + Evapotranspiration +/- (Change in) Storage

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7
Q

Changes to the water system

A

Deforestation

Storm Events

Seasonal Changes

Agriculture

Urbanisation

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8
Q

Soil Water Budget

A

Annual balance between inputs and outputs in the water system and their impact on store water availability. Dependent on soil type and depth

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9
Q

Seasonal variation in the Soil Water Budget

A

Autumn; Greater input from precipitation than their is output from evapotranspiration as deciduous trees lose their leaves. Cooler temps mean plants photosynthesise less

Winter; Evapotranspiration from plants reaches minimum due to colder temps

Spring; Plants start to grow again and evapotranspiration increases, still a water surplus

Summer; Evapotranspiration peaks and rainfall is at a minimum, soil water stores are depleating

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10
Q

Water Cycle at a Global Scale

A

Oceans contain 97% of Earth’s water stores, Only 2.5% of stores is freshwater of which around 70% is stored in glaciers and 30% is stored as groundwater

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11
Q

How can water be stored?

A

Hydrosphere
Cryosphere
Atmosphere
Lithosphere

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12
Q

Inter Tropics Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A

Determines precipitation and cloud formation, ITZM is a low pressure zone

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13
Q

Water Cycle Changes Over Time, natural

A

Seasonal changes

Storm Events

Droughts

El nino - Occures every 2-7 years and causes warmer temperatures

La Nina - Occurs every 2 - 7 years and causes cooler temperatures

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14
Q

Water Cycle Changes Over Time, Human

A

Farming

Land Use Changes

Over Abstraction

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15
Q

Flood Hydrographs

A

Discharge

Falling Limb

Rising Limb

Lag Time

Base flow

Flashy vs Subdued

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16
Q

Transfers in the Carbon Cycle

A

Photosynthesis

Respiration

Combustion

Decomposition

Diffusion

Weathering

Carbon Sequestration- transfer of carbon from stores usually from atmosphere - links to CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage)

17
Q

Carbon Sink

A

Takes in more Carbon than it releases

18
Q

Main Carbon Stores

A

Sedimentary Rock

Oceans

Fossil Fuel deposits

Atmosphere

Plants

Lithosphere

19
Q

Carbon Cycle Changes over time

A

Wildfires

Volcanic Activity

Fossil Fuel use

Deforestation

Farming Practices

20
Q

What is the Carbon Budget

A

Balance between carbon inputs and outputs

21
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse gas Effect

A

Abnormally high levels of greenhouse gases are created by human activity, CO2 contributes arounf 65% to radiative forcing

22
Q

Causes of Greenhouse gas effect

A

Land Use Change

Fertilisers

Deforestation

Urbanisation

23
Q

Impact on the carbon cycle on regional climates

A

Tropical Rainforests;

  • High rates of Photosynthesis

Oceans;

  • Warmer Oceans which store less CO2
24
Q

Land Drainage in Moorland Areas

A

A Moorland area also known as a peatland is an area of waterlogged acidic soil and peat, waterlogged soil prevents oxygen from entering.

Major stores of Carbon Dioxide

As they are drained CO2 is released

25
Q

Example of where the Cycles interract

A

Amazon

26
Q

Relationship between the two cycles

A
  • Rain may fall of deforested land causing soil erosion, if soil flows into river carbon increases
  • Deforestation of Peat Bogs reduces the water table
27
Q

Mitigating Climate Change

A

Paris Climate Conferance (COP21) - limit emissions to 2 C above

28
Q

Amazon Rainforest

A
  • 6.7 million square kilometers
  • Spans 8 countries
  • Home to 10% of known species on earth
  • Home to 47 m people
  • Nearly 400 billion trees
  • 100 - 200 b tonnes of carbon stored
  • Every Minute 5 football fields to chopped down
  • Approx 17% has already been lost

A Level geog (6 decks)

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