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A Level geog > Population and the Environment > Flashcards

Population and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical factors that affect the environment?

A

Climate (affects agriculture)

Soils (determine agricultural productivity)

Resources (clean water supply)

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2
Q

Global Population Patterns

A

Pop. rapidly increasing since 1960’s, expected to reach 9 billion by 2050

Stayed below 1 billion people until 1804

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3
Q

What percentage of the Population currently live in Urban areas

A

55%

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4
Q

What percentage of the population lives in the northern hemisphere?

A

90%

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5
Q

What is the population expected to be in 2050?

A

9 Billion

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6
Q

Rate of Population Change

A

In mid-1900’s the majority of the population growth was concentrated in HIC’s. But now, they have the lowest growth rates, some are even in decline

LIC/NEE’s have the highet growth

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7
Q

Developments in food production

A

Green Revolution - Process of developing technologies in the 50’s and 60’s in order to maximise farming yields usually from the advancements made to staple crops .

Green revolution helps to feed approx 1 billion people

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8
Q

Food Production

A

Tripled globally in the last 50 years (Green Revolution) due to improvements to farming production and machinery

Crop Yields are especially hish in eastern Asia, North America and Europe

Some areas have poor production due to climate conditions e.g Russia

Production is unevenly distributed

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9
Q

Food Consumption

A

Globally increased over time, higher population consuing more food

On average, 1750 kcals per day

Lower income countries consume less than high income countries

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10
Q

Approx what percentage of Africa’s population is affected by food insecurity?

A

27%

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11
Q

Agricultural Systems - Inupts

A

Climate

Soil

Location

Pollination

Farming

Labour

Seeds

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12
Q

Agricultural System - Processes

A

Planting Seeds

Harvesting

Breeding

Tending to Livestock

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13
Q

Agricultural Systems - Outputs

A

Crops

Animal Products

Losses in Natural Disasters

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14
Q

Agricultural Productivity

A

Amout of useful outputs in proportion to the inputs

High Productivity means high yields with relatively low inputs

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15
Q

Types of agricultural systems

A

Extensive - lower labor in relation to land, low outputs

Intensive - high inputs produce highest possible outputs usually use machinery

Commercial - Provide yields which can be produced commercially

Subsistence - Self - Sufficient farming

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16
Q

Factors affecting an Agricultural Systems Productivity

A

Climate (Precipitation, temperature, humidity, winds)

Soils

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17
Q

How Climate Change affects Agriculture

A

Most of climate change is detrimental to agriculture, some areas experience benefits however

  • More natural disaster events decrease productivity

-Desertification leads to decreased land fertility

-Soil Erosion is expected to increase

  • Sea level rises causes flooding

-Plant diseases are expected to increase

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18
Q

Soil Problems (SD,WE,SD)

A

Soil Degredation (due to water)

Wind Erosion - loss of top layer due to lack of soil structure or high winds, prevalent in dry climates, ploughing and tilling can weaken soil

Structural Deterioration - can be caused due to heavy machinery, pressure on soil decrease pore space which means oxygen and water can’t enter, may occur due to cattle

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19
Q

Soil Problems p2

A

Waterlogging - Oversaturation of the soils, no more oxygen present, can occur due to irrigation

Salinisation - Water table rises meaning salt brought to soil surface, after water evaportaes the salt is left,

Desertification - Soils become arid usually due to climate change

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20
Q

Management of Soil Problems

A

Crop rotations

Wind Breaks via afforestation

Drip irrigation to reduce waterlogging

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21
Q

Food Security

A

Available, accessible and affordible food supplies

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22
Q

Strategies to ensure food security

A

Increasing access - Trade Blocs (e.g NAFTA), aid or relief after a disaster

Increasing Amount - Green Revolution (60’s), teaching farming techniques e.g Uganda, for HIC gentically modified crops

Increasing farm efficiency

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23
Q

Health, Mortality and Morbidity

A

Can be measured by the mortality rate (Amount of deaths over time ususally by 1000) and disease prevaluence

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24
Q

Global patterns of Health

A

Usually better in High Income countries, HIC’s also usually spend more money on health which often correlates to the higher life expectancy.

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25
Global patterns of Morbidity
In regards to disease, Non-Communicable are usually more common in HIC's while Communicable diseases are more common in LIC's Diseases of lifestyle are more common in HIC's for example lung cancer via smoking or Coronary Heart Disease
26
Epidemiological Transition
How death or disease changes over time as a society becomes more developed 1. Pestilence and Famine = infectious disease, pandemics, high mortality 2. Receding Pandemics = tech advances, advances in medicine, better hygiene, less infectious disease 3. Degenerative and man-made disease = diseases of affluence, infectious diseases are low
27
Disease and Environmental Variation
Climate affects vector-borne disease, higher temperatures and access to bodies of water lead to higher rates of vector-borne disease Sunlight Exposure, deficiencies, cancers and seasonal affected diseases Extreme Weather Events, more prone to natural diseasters = more likely for cholera to spread after event
28
Topography
Drainage, lack of steepness can lead to water stagnation which increases the likelyhood of water-borne disease Risk of flooding
29
Water Quality and Health
Water-borne disease Toxicants or pulltion may enter the water stream Bathing or Cleaning in dirty water can cause disease e.g cholera
30
Air Quality
91% of population live in unsanitary air conditions Air Pollution due to fossil fuel emissions, smoking etc Can cause; lung cancer, strokes, asmtha, lung disease etc
31
Role of International agencies in maintaining global health
International Agencies work with governments, provide research, resources and spread awareness in order to achieve global health
32
Examples of International Agencies
World Health Organisations UNICEF World Food Programme
33
Role of NGO's in maintaining global health
Work Independently from governments, many rely on donations, they mostly provide healthcare in areas where it is desperately needed especially in areas following disaster
34
Examples of NGO's
Medecins sans frontiers Oxfam Feed the Children Water Aid
35
Demographic Transition Model
Trends of natural population change is represented by the demographic transition model Shows how birth rates and death rates change over time
36
Stage 1 of the DTM
High Birth and Death rate smean that the population fluctuates Population remains low
37
Stage 2 of the DTM
BR remain high but the DR begins to decrease due to developments in technology Rapid increase in population
38
Stage 3 of the DTM
Birth rates start to fall due to social change, DR remain low
39
Stage 4 of the DTM
BR and DR are low Population growth slows
40
Stage 5 of the DTM
BR fall below DR causing a decline in overall population
41
Demographic dividend
Occurs at stages 3 and 4 of the dtm, when the dependency ratio (elderly and children) is lower than the working population leading to largo economic growth
42
Ageing Population and replacement rates
'Replacement rates' are met when a couple has 2 children, replacement rates are decreasing as women's eduction improves and life expectancy increases
43
Natural Population Changes
Government create policies e.g incentives or policies (One Child Policies in China 1980's) Access to contraceptives and education Women's rights and freedoms = decrease birth rates Societal Norms e.g large or small families
44
Migration - Unnatural population change
Economic Migrants - Volountarily move in order to find work or improve their quality of life Refugees - Forced to leave their homes due to fleeing conflict, religious or political persecution Asylum Seekers - Left their home country and are seeking asylum in the host country, they are waiting to become accepted as a refugee
45
Causes of Migration
Push Factors - reasons why people want to leave their home countries Pull Factors - reasons why poeple want to move to another country
46
Examples of Push Factors
War or conflict Poor environmental quality Political Unrest Poor Public services Overall Poor quality of life
47
Examples of Pull Factors
More job opportunities Better public services More leasure activities
48
Factors impacting Migration
Government controlled migration Barriers limit migration
49
Social impacts of Migration
Spreading of Culture (multiculturalism) Skill diversity in the workforce Relaxed pressure on services for home country Over/under population
50
Environmental impacts of Migration
Higher demand of unsustainable resources
51
Economic impacts of Migration
Migrants begin to pay taxes Dependency on Migrant Workers Workers send remittances back home Loss of work force for home country
52
What can migration cause for workforce?
Demographic dividend for host 'brain drain' for home
53
Carrying Capacity
Maximum population that canbe supported without causing damage to the environment
54
Malthus Perspecives
Population increases exponentially but resources remain finite = DR increase and population decreases Pessimistic
55
Boserup Perspective
Humans will continue to evolve and adapt new techniques in order to account for population growth Optimistic
56
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depleating as a result of pollution, has been observed since the 1970's Allows more UV rays through the atmosphere Skin Cancer has increased in the last century, expected due to Ozone depletion
57
What percentage of non-melonoma cases are caused by UV exposure?
90%
58
Climate Change impacts on health
Thermal Stress (heat exhaustion or hypothermia), overheating increased with climate change Vector Borne Disease become more widely spread as global climate patterns change More malnutrition as agriculture suffers
59
Podzol
Zonal soils of the taiga (Across North America and Eurasia) Vegetation Restricted to coniferous forests Found in UK in moorlands Associated with evergreen pine/spruce trees Precipitation exceeds evapotraspiration Poor Nutrient Cycle Acidic humus Iron builds at the top of the water table
60
Latosol
Found below tropical rainforests Nutrient cycling is poor due to leaching Red/brown in colour due to high iron content
61
Examples of methods to ensure food security
World Food Organisation works in africa to improve education on food storage (e.g moisture, disease), promote growth of staple food groups (yams, potato, rice) and, links small farmers to local markets
62
CHD
Disease of affluence (caused as artery blockage by fat prevents blood reaching the heart) Caused by an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Mostly affects older generations Leading cause of death in the US
63
Malaria
Tropical vector borne disease Temp between 16 and 32 for parasite to form Causes 1/6 childhood deaths in Africa 6th biggest killer in LIC, can be treated using Mosquito nets - campaign by WHO and Oxfam
64
Facts on Env and air pollution
An estimated 70 - 90% of disease risk comes from environmental factors WHO states that 99% global pop. suffers due to air pollution Air Pollution leads to 7 million premature global deaths worldwide
65
Migration case study
Brazil 7th largest global economy (NEE) Increased emigration of high-skilled migrants to the USA, Europe and Japan 80,000 fewer migrants in Brazil at the start of the century Low Skilled workers send remittances from the US Growth in agricultural sector with migrants from Japan and Europe
66
Population Change Case study
UK has a declining birth rate but exceeds replacement rate due to migration Increase in 30-40 year old mothers in last 20 years Incentives to give birth, Child Benefits, Child trust fund (every child given 250 at birth), maternity and paternity leave

A Level geog (6 decks)

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