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A Level geog > Population and the Environment > Flashcards

Population and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physical factors that affect the environment?

A

Climate (affects agriculture)

Soils (determine agricultural productivity)

Resources (clean water supply)

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2
Q

Global Population Patterns

A

Pop. rapidly increasing since 1960’s, expected to reach 9 billion by 2050

Stayed below 1 billion people until 1804

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3
Q

What percentage of the Population currently live in Urban areas

A

55%

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4
Q

What percentage of the population lives in the northern hemisphere?

A

90%

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5
Q

What is the population expected to be in 2050?

A

9 Billion

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6
Q

Rate of Population Change

A

In mid-1900’s the majority of the population growth was concentrated in HIC’s. But now, they have the lowest growth rates, some are even in decline

LIC/NEE’s have the highet growth

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7
Q

Developments in food production

A

Green Revolution - Process of developing technologies in the 50’s and 60’s in order to maximise farming yields usually from the advancements made to staple crops .

Green revolution helps to feed approx 1 billion people

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8
Q

Food Production

A

Tripled globally in the last 50 years (Green Revolution) due to improvements to farming production and machinery

Crop Yields are especially hish in eastern Asia, North America and Europe

Some areas have poor production due to climate conditions e.g Russia

Production is unevenly distributed

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9
Q

Food Consumption

A

Globally increased over time, higher population consuing more food

On average, 1750 kcals per day

Lower income countries consume less than high income countries

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10
Q

Approx what percentage of Africa’s population is affected by food insecurity?

A

27%

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11
Q

Agricultural Systems - Inupts

A

Climate

Soil

Location

Pollination

Farming

Labour

Seeds

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12
Q

Agricultural System - Processes

A

Planting Seeds

Harvesting

Breeding

Tending to Livestock

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13
Q

Agricultural Systems - Outputs

A

Crops

Animal Products

Losses in Natural Disasters

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14
Q

Agricultural Productivity

A

Amout of useful outputs in proportion to the inputs

High Productivity means high yields with relatively low inputs

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15
Q

Types of agricultural systems

A

Extensive - lower labor in relation to land, low outputs

Intensive - high inputs produce highest possible outputs usually use machinery

Commercial - Provide yields which can be produced commercially

Subsistence - Self - Sufficient farming

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16
Q

Factors affecting an Agricultural Systems Productivity

A

Climate (Precipitation, temperature, humidity, winds)

Soils

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17
Q

How Climate Change affects Agriculture

A

Most of climate change is detrimental to agriculture, some areas experience benefits however

  • More natural disaster events decrease productivity

-Desertification leads to decreased land fertility

-Soil Erosion is expected to increase

  • Sea level rises causes flooding

-Plant diseases are expected to increase

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18
Q

Soil Problems (SD,WE,SD)

A

Soil Degredation (due to water)

Wind Erosion - loss of top layer due to lack of soil structure or high winds, prevalent in dry climates, ploughing and tilling can weaken soil

Structural Deterioration - can be caused due to heavy machinery, pressure on soil decrease pore space which means oxygen and water can’t enter, may occur due to cattle

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19
Q

Soil Problems p2

A

Waterlogging - Oversaturation of the soils, no more oxygen present, can occur due to irrigation

Salinisation - Water table rises meaning salt brought to soil surface, after water evaportaes the salt is left,

Desertification - Soils become arid usually due to climate change

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20
Q

Management of Soil Problems

A

Crop rotations

Wind Breaks via afforestation

Drip irrigation to reduce waterlogging

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21
Q

Food Security

A

Available, accessible and affordible food supplies

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22
Q

Strategies to ensure food security

A

Increasing access - Trade Blocs (e.g NAFTA), aid or relief after a disaster

Increasing Amount - Green Revolution (60’s), teaching farming techniques e.g Uganda, for HIC gentically modified crops

Increasing farm efficiency

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23
Q

Health, Mortality and Morbidity

A

Can be measured by the mortality rate (Amount of deaths over time ususally by 1000) and disease prevaluence

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24
Q

Global patterns of Health

A

Usually better in High Income countries, HIC’s also usually spend more money on health which often correlates to the higher life expectancy.

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25
Q

Global patterns of Morbidity

A

In regards to disease, Non-Communicable are usually more common in HIC’s while Communicable diseases are more common in LIC’s

Diseases of lifestyle are more common in HIC’s for example lung cancer via smoking or Coronary Heart Disease

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26
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

How death or disease changes over time as a society becomes more developed

  1. Pestilence and Famine = infectious disease, pandemics, high mortality
  2. Receding Pandemics = tech advances, advances in medicine, better hygiene, less infectious disease
  3. Degenerative and man-made disease = diseases of affluence, infectious diseases are low
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27
Q

Disease and Environmental Variation

A

Climate affects vector-borne disease, higher temperatures and access to bodies of water lead to higher rates of vector-borne disease

Sunlight Exposure, deficiencies, cancers and seasonal affected diseases

Extreme Weather Events, more prone to natural diseasters = more likely for cholera to spread after event

28
Q

Topography

A

Drainage, lack of steepness can lead to water stagnation which increases the likelyhood of water-borne disease

Risk of flooding

29
Q

Water Quality and Health

A

Water-borne disease

Toxicants or pulltion may enter the water stream

Bathing or Cleaning in dirty water can cause disease e.g cholera

30
Q

Air Quality

A

91% of population live in unsanitary air conditions

Air Pollution due to fossil fuel emissions, smoking etc

Can cause; lung cancer, strokes, asmtha, lung disease etc

31
Q

Role of International agencies in maintaining global health

A

International Agencies work with governments, provide research, resources and spread awareness in order to achieve global health

32
Q

Examples of International Agencies

A

World Health Organisations

UNICEF

World Food Programme

33
Q

Role of NGO’s in maintaining global health

A

Work Independently from governments, many rely on donations, they mostly provide healthcare in areas where it is desperately needed especially in areas following disaster

34
Q

Examples of NGO’s

A

Medecins sans frontiers

Oxfam

Feed the Children

Water Aid

35
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A

Trends of natural population change is represented by the demographic transition model

Shows how birth rates and death rates change over time

36
Q

Stage 1 of the DTM

A

High Birth and Death rate smean that the population fluctuates

Population remains low

37
Q

Stage 2 of the DTM

A

BR remain high but the DR begins to decrease due to developments in technology

Rapid increase in population

38
Q

Stage 3 of the DTM

A

Birth rates start to fall due to social change, DR remain low

39
Q

Stage 4 of the DTM

A

BR and DR are low

Population growth slows

40
Q

Stage 5 of the DTM

A

BR fall below DR causing a decline in overall population

41
Q

Demographic dividend

A

Occurs at stages 3 and 4 of the dtm, when the dependency ratio (elderly and children) is lower than the working population leading to largo economic growth

42
Q

Ageing Population and replacement rates

A

‘Replacement rates’ are met when a couple has 2 children, replacement rates are decreasing as women’s eduction improves and life expectancy increases

43
Q

Natural Population Changes

A

Government create policies e.g incentives or policies (One Child Policies in China 1980’s)

Access to contraceptives and education

Women’s rights and freedoms = decrease birth rates

Societal Norms e.g large or small families

44
Q

Migration - Unnatural population change

A

Economic Migrants - Volountarily move in order to find work or improve their quality of life

Refugees - Forced to leave their homes due to fleeing conflict, religious or political persecution

Asylum Seekers - Left their home country and are seeking asylum in the host country, they are waiting to become accepted as a refugee

45
Q

Causes of Migration

A

Push Factors - reasons why people want to leave their home countries

Pull Factors - reasons why poeple want to move to another country

46
Q

Examples of Push Factors

A

War or conflict

Poor environmental quality

Political Unrest

Poor Public services

Overall Poor quality of life

47
Q

Examples of Pull Factors

A

More job opportunities

Better public services

More leasure activities

48
Q

Factors impacting Migration

A

Government controlled migration

Barriers limit migration

49
Q

Social impacts of Migration

A

Spreading of Culture (multiculturalism)

Skill diversity in the workforce

Relaxed pressure on services for home country

Over/under population

50
Q

Environmental impacts of Migration

A

Higher demand of unsustainable resources

51
Q

Economic impacts of Migration

A

Migrants begin to pay taxes

Dependency on Migrant Workers

Workers send remittances back home

Loss of work force for home country

52
Q

What can migration cause for workforce?

A

Demographic dividend for host

‘brain drain’ for home

53
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum population that canbe supported without causing damage to the environment

54
Q

Malthus Perspecives

A

Population increases exponentially but resources remain finite = DR increase and population decreases

Pessimistic

55
Q

Boserup Perspective

A

Humans will continue to evolve and adapt new techniques in order to account for population growth

Optimistic

56
Q

Ozone Depletion

A

Ozone depleating as a result of pollution, has been observed since the 1970’s

Allows more UV rays through the atmosphere

Skin Cancer has increased in the last century, expected due to Ozone depletion

57
Q

What percentage of non-melonoma cases are caused by UV exposure?

A

90%

58
Q

Climate Change impacts on health

A

Thermal Stress (heat exhaustion or hypothermia), overheating increased with climate change

Vector Borne Disease become more widely spread as global climate patterns change

More malnutrition as agriculture suffers

59
Q

Podzol

A

Zonal soils of the taiga (Across North America and Eurasia)

Vegetation Restricted to coniferous forests

Found in UK in moorlands

Associated with evergreen pine/spruce trees

Precipitation exceeds evapotraspiration

Poor Nutrient Cycle

Acidic humus

Iron builds at the top of the water table

60
Q

Latosol

A

Found below tropical rainforests

Nutrient cycling is poor due to leaching

Red/brown in colour due to high iron content

61
Q

Examples of methods to ensure food security

A

World Food Organisation works in africa to improve education on food storage (e.g moisture, disease), promote growth of staple food groups (yams, potato, rice) and, links small farmers to local markets

62
Q

CHD

A

Disease of affluence (caused as artery blockage by fat prevents blood reaching the heart)

Caused by an unhealthy diet and a sedentary lifestyle.

Mostly affects older generations

Leading cause of death in the US

63
Q

Malaria

A

Tropical vector borne disease

Temp between 16 and 32 for parasite to form

Causes 1/6 childhood deaths in Africa

6th biggest killer in LIC, can be treated using Mosquito nets - campaign by WHO and Oxfam

64
Q

Facts on Env and air pollution

A

An estimated 70 - 90% of disease risk comes from environmental factors

WHO states that 99% global pop. suffers due to air pollution

Air Pollution leads to 7 million premature global deaths worldwide

65
Q

Migration case study

A

Brazil

7th largest global economy (NEE)

Increased emigration of high-skilled migrants to the USA, Europe and Japan

80,000 fewer migrants in Brazil at the start of the century

Low Skilled workers send remittances from the US

Growth in agricultural sector with migrants from Japan and Europe

66
Q

Population Change Case study

A

UK has a declining birth rate but exceeds replacement rate due to migration

Increase in 30-40 year old mothers in last 20 years

Incentives to give birth, Child Benefits, Child trust fund (every child given 250 at birth), maternity and paternity leave

A Level geog (6 decks)

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