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A Level geog > Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Governance Flashcards

1
Q

Globalisation

A

The process of growing connections across the globe

Becoming a ‘Borderless World’

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2
Q

Economic examples of Globalisation

A

TNC’s outsourcing and offshoring for lower labor costs

Trade Blocs

Global Transactions

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3
Q

Political Globalisation

A

Trade Embargos

Trade Blocs

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4
Q

Sociocultural globalisation

A

Media

Westernisation

Tourism

Awareness of global issues

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5
Q

Environmental globalisation

A

Pollution

Global agreements such as Paris in 2016

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6
Q

Types of flow

A

Capital flows - money

Labour flows - workers

Product flows - goods

Service flows - provide a service globally e.g call centre

Information flows - ideas

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7
Q

Capital Flows

A

Core regions - Wealthy developed countries e.g US Uk

Periphery regions - developing countries with less power

International Monetary Fund - attemps to reduce poverty around the world, oversees trade agreements and financial security

The world bank - Gives out loans for development or relief

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8
Q

Labour flows

A

Economic migrants - move voluntarily for chances of an improved quality of life and work opportunities

Majority of labour flows is from a low income country to a high income country

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9
Q

What percentage of the global population are international migrants?

A

3-4%

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10
Q

Labour flows in Asia

A

63 million people move to work in different areas of Asia in 2017

Majority from South East e.g India to West e.g Qatar - usually for better job prospects

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11
Q

Labour flows in Europe

A

41 million in 2017

Uk has 2nd largest immigrant population in EU with 700,000 polish immigrants

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12
Q

Product Flows

A

Movement from area of production to area of consumption

In the past products were produced in high income countries but recent shift due to advancing technologies which allow products to be made in low income countries (lower labour costs)

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13
Q

Service flows

A

Services can now be transferred globally due to growing communicative tech - companies are no longer confined

2 types

high skill - e.g finance advice

low skill - e.g call centres

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14
Q

Information flows

A

Grown since 90’s with social media use, internet use developments

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15
Q

Global Markerting

A

Globalisation allows companies to sell their goods on a global scale

companies can attain social recognition and awareness after developing a trademark e.g Apple - this can also allow trust to form

Glocalisation where a company adapts it’s products to fit local market e.g cherry blossom kitkat

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16
Q

Agricultural products

A

US and EU top exporters of agriculture products but many emergine economies e.g China and Brazil are in the top 10

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17
Q

Textiles

A

Majority of produce is from NEE’s such as China

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18
Q

Consumption

A

In general, HIC’s consume more products than LIC’s or NEE’S

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19
Q

Factors affecting globalisation

A

financial systems - relations between investers and borrowers e.g bank, globalisation has allowed this to become a global process

financial technologies - Money made easily accessible across the world, growing information about investment, cryptocurrency and remittances easily sent home

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20
Q

Factors affecting Globalisation, Transport, Containerisation and Communication

A

Transporting goods - containerisation e.g using large shipping containers in order to transport goods

Transporting people made simpler through aircrafts

Communication Technologies - Satellites etc

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21
Q

Economies of Scale

A

Increasing profits by producing more while keeping production costs low

Global supply chains outsource and offshore

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22
Q

Trade Agreements

A

Tariffs - tax on imports and exports

Trade agreements lower overall cost of trade

All trade agreements are overlooked by the WTO to ensure they are fair

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23
Q

NAFTA

A

Lowers or removes tariffs on exports and imports between Canada, USA and Mexico

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24
Q

Interdependence

A

Depend on choices made by other countries e.g political unrest, economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions

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25
Q

Unequal Flows of people between HIC and LIC’s

A

In general, migration from a LIC to a HIC due to increased opportunity

Benefits of unequal flows; increased workforce for HIC, form relationship between home and host country, remittances

Losses of unequal flows; dependency on migrants, overpopulation, brain drain for home, exploitation

26
Q

Unequal flows of money, benefits and losses

A

benefits; country recieving money may have an improved quality of life, take advantage of low labour costs, remittances

losses; Injustice and exploitation, dependancies

27
Q

Unequal flows of tech

A

In past, majority of flows were in HIC’s and no demand for tech in LIC’s

HIC’s invest in LIC’s but companies in LIC’s do not want to invest in HIC’s due to higher costs

Lots of tech is now produced in LIC’s or NEE’s and distributed in HIC’s. (e.g China exports 10 x tech to EU than what EU exports to China tech wise)

Benefits; trade deals, economic benefits

Losses; exploitation

28
Q

Unequal power relations caused by Interdependence

A

In general, richer countries have more power, money and tech as well as deeper relationships with other wealthy countries.

LIC’s are only able to respond to actions made by HIC’s e.g climate change

LIC’s can be pressured into trade agreements with HIC’s, WTO aims to stop this

WTO has been critiqued for favoring wealthy countries e.g LIC’s underrepresented within WTO

29
Q

International trade changes

A

Occuring more than ever before, only time slowed recently was under the 2008 crash

Investments are now mainly HIC’s investing in LIC’s (low labour costs)

NEE’s also beginning to invest in LIC’s e.g China investing in Africa

LIC’s also trading more but overall contribute only 1% of global merchandise exports

30
Q

What percentage do LIC’s account or in global merchandise exports?

A

1%

31
Q

Fair Trade

A

Set up 1992 to ensure producers recieve fair trading conditions

32
Q

EU

A

28 countries, free trade within the EU

33
Q

Access to Markets

A

Improved access to markets improves a countries economy,

Can be limited by a countries development

34
Q

Factors impacting access to markets

A

Trade agreements

Wealth

35
Q

TNC’s

A

Companies operating across multiple countries

Some are very powerful and can hold political power e.g pressuring countries to offer tax reductions

36
Q

Spatial Organisations of TNC’s

A

Headquartes usually located in HIC, responsible for ‘big decisions’ such as investments and meetings with global institutions (Majority in EU, USA or Japan)

Research and Development happens over the globe in order to immerse in local cultures

Manufacturing usually takes place in LIC for lower labour costs

37
Q

Apple

A

HQ in California

2011 44% of sales in US

Majority of production is outsourced to China

Large part of R and D in Cork, Ireland

2010, 50 workers in Chinese factory poisoned by Chemicals

38
Q

Linkages

A

TNC’s create links between countries and companies

Created in order to benefit the TNC snd often invoves expanding the company

39
Q

Mergers

A

Companies join to form one large company

40
Q

Aquisition

A

TNC buys another company in order to expand

41
Q

Vertical Integration

A

Take ownership of part of supply chain

42
Q

Horizontal Integration

A

Take control of another company, usually one in same industry

43
Q

Global Governance

A

Multiple governments working together in order to tackle global issues such as climate change, wat or famine

44
Q

Laws in Global Governenace

A

International Laws, multiple nations act together to ensure global systems e.g human rights international bill

45
Q

Global Institutions e.g UN

A

Aim to represent all nations, deal with law enforcement and promoting equality

Have positine and negative effects

46
Q

Promoting growth and stability, agencies

A

WTO

Stabalise economies (IMF)

Promote social growth and stability (WHO)

Environmental Stability (WWF)

47
Q

Exacerbating Inequality and injustices

A

G7 only represents wealthier countries

IMF only gives loans conditionally = can cause exploitation

TNC’s manipulate the rules

48
Q

The Global Commons

A

Area that does not belong to a single government e.g outer space, the internet, Antarctica

49
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

As ungoverned they are vulnerable to exploitation, especially as they are usually rich in resources

Unless they are globally governed there are no rule

Also under threat due to human activity e.g climate change

50
Q

Protection of the Global commons

A

Global Institutions

International Law

NGO’s

51
Q

Antarctica climate + facts

A

Largest ice sheet in the world

contains 90% of earths fresh water

temp average -40C

very little precipitation

Winds between 60-70mph

Not very biodivese very few land animals but southern ocean diverse in sea life

52
Q

Antarctica why exploited?

A

Rich in natural resources such as oil and iron = exploited

53
Q

Whaling

A

Overfishing of Krill (200,000 tonnes anually) disrupts food chain

Whales are slow breeders so when caught the food chain is disrupted greatly

54
Q

Climate Change

A

Sea level rise

new species migrate to area

CO2 stored in ice sheets released

55
Q

Mineral and Resource Exploitation

A

All mining banned in Antarctica

56
Q

Tourism and Scientific research

A

Fuel emissions

Oil spills

‘Extreme Tourism’

Trampling

Litter

57
Q

UN role in Antarctic

A

Not a large role despite large basis

Work indirectly helps e.g research on o zone depletion and climate change

58
Q

International Whaling Comittee

A

1946 set up

Set catch limits

work with governments to help conservation efforts

Limited as they cant enforce any penalties for members who leave e.g Japan leaving in 2018

59
Q

Antarctic Treaty (1959)

A

53 countries

Antarctic should only be used for peaceful means

All research should be shared and cooperated on

Nuclear activity is banned

Became a global common

But treaty is not mandatory and isnt regularly enforced

60
Q

Protocol on Environmental protection to the Antarctic treaty

A

Bans on activites related to mineral resourcing asside from scientific research

Additions to waste management and pollution

A Level geog (6 decks)

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